Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-409
AllowedImproper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product does not handle or incorrectly handles a compressed input with a very high compression ratio that produces a large output.
230 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-49855 (GCVE-0-2026-49855)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 20:45 – Updated: 2026-07-16 14:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
tornado AsyncHTTPClient accumulates decompressed chunks without size limit (gzip bomb)
Summary
Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Prior to 6.5.6, Tornado gzip decompression routines processed limited-size chunks but did not enforce an overall limit on accumulated decompressed chunks, allowing a malicious server accessed by SimpleAsyncHTTPClient or an HTTPServer configured with decompress_request=True to consume effectively unlimited memory. This issue is fixed in version 6.5.6.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-16 14:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/pull/3626 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/commit/ff80… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tornadoweb | tornado |
Affected:
< 6.5.6
|
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CVE-2026-49755 (GCVE-0-2026-49755)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-08 15:20 – Updated: 2026-06-08 17:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Decompression bomb DoS in Req via auto-decoded archive and compressed response bodies
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in wojtekmach Req allows attacker-controlled HTTP servers to exhaust memory in a Req client via decompression-bomb response bodies.
Req's default response pipeline includes Req.Steps.decode_body/1 and Req.Steps.decompress_body/1 in lib/req/steps.ex. decode_body/1 dispatches on the server-supplied content-type (or URL extension) and calls :zip.extract(body, [:memory]) for application/zip, :erl_tar.extract({:binary, body}, [:memory]) for application/x-tar, and :erl_tar.extract({:binary, body}, [:memory, :compressed]) for application/gzip / .tgz. Each returns the full decompressed archive contents as a [{name, bytes}] list in memory, with no per-entry or total size cap. decompress_body/1 walks the content-encoding header and chains :zlib/:brotli/:ezstd decoders, so a response advertising content-encoding: gzip, gzip, gzip inflates through multiple layers without bound.
Both steps are enabled by default, no caller opt-in is required, and the attacker controls the content-type and content-encoding headers on their own server (or on any host reached via Req's automatic redirect following). A sub-megabyte response can expand to multiple gigabytes on the victim, crashing the BEAM process.
This issue affects req: from 0.1.0 before 0.6.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-08 16:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/wojtekmach/req/security/adviso… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-49755.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-49755 | related |
| https://github.com/wojtekmach/req/commit/84977e5b… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wojtekmach | req |
Affected:
0.1.0 , < 0.6.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:wojtekmach:req:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| wojtekmach | req |
Affected:
e37753741cbdc725e6aba3d977b380163bfc0ecb , < 84977e5b1a83f26e749d55ad06e3625464af4e8d
(git)
cpe:2.3:a:wojtekmach:req:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-49158 (GCVE-0-2026-49158)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 11:05 – Updated: 2026-07-27 13:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Thrift: Ruby THeaderTransport ZLIB Decompression Bomb
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in Apache Thrift Ruby bindings.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.24.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.24.0, which fixes the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 13:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/7v3jhgwfbmhx42424… | vendor-advisory |
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/fmjl8l415tj9zwlob… | vendor-advisory |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Thrift |
Affected:
0 , < 0.24.0
(semver)
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CVE-2026-48594 (GCVE-0-2026-48594)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-02 19:08 – Updated: 2026-06-04 04:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Decompression bomb in Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse and Tesla.Middleware.Compression
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in elixir-tesla tesla allows a denial of service via decompression bomb in HTTP response bodies.
When Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse or Tesla.Middleware.Compression is included in a Tesla middleware pipeline, HTTP response bodies are decompressed eagerly with no size limit. The decompress_body/2 function in lib/tesla/middleware/compression.ex passes the entire response body to :zlib.gunzip/1 or :zlib.unzip/1 without any cap on the output size. Additionally, compression_algorithms/1 splits the content-encoding header on commas and decompress_body/2 recurses once per token, applying a decompression pass on each iteration. A server advertising content-encoding: gzip, gzip, gzip, gzip causes four recursive decompression passes, yielding exponential amplification: each gzip layer can expand its input roughly 1000x, so a payload of a few hundred bytes on the wire inflates to gigabytes of BEAM heap, exhausting memory and crashing or freezing the calling process.
This issue affects tesla: from 0.6.0 before 1.18.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-03 14:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla/security/ad… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-48594.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-48594 | related |
| https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla/commit/340f… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| elixir-tesla | tesla |
Affected:
0.6.0 , < 1.18.3
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| elixir-tesla | tesla |
Affected:
5bd90bb5cf0d15e375edc2a66fa322292940fce2 , < 340f75b5d191dc747ef7ac6365bd002d1cd55a9d
(git)
cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-48586 (GCVE-0-2026-48586)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 11:02 – Updated: 2026-07-27 13:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Thrift, Apache Thrift, Apache Thrift, Apache Thrift, Apache Thrift, Apache Thrift: TZlibTransport Decompression Size Limit
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in Apache Thrift C++, Java, Python, Go, D, C/GLib bindings.
This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.24.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.24.0, which fixes the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 13:03 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/7v3jhgwfbmhx42424… | vendor-advisory |
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/p008svsjf9p6bj47w… | vendor-advisory |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Thrift |
Affected:
0 , < 0.24.0
(semver)
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CVE-2026-48510 (GCVE-0-2026-48510)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 21:16 – Updated: 2026-06-25 15:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MessagePack-CSharp: LZ4 decompression allocates from unbounded declared output lengths
Summary
MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.301 and 3.1.7, when MessagePack-CSharp decompresses Lz4Block or Lz4BlockArray payloads, it reads declared uncompressed lengths from the wire and allocates output buffers based on those lengths before validating that the compressed data is valid or that the declared expansion is reasonable. A small payload can claim a very large uncompressed length and force a large allocation before LZ4 decoding begins. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.5.301 and 3.1.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 12:29 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MessagePack-CSharp | MessagePack-CSharp |
Affected:
>= 3.0, < 3.1.7
Affected: < 2.5.301 |
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CVE-2026-48502 (GCVE-0-2026-48502)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 21:18 – Updated: 2026-06-23 15:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MessagePack-CSharp: Denial of service vulnerabilities can swamp the CPU or crash the process with stack and heap overflows
Summary
MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.301 and 3.1.7, MessagePackReader.ReadDateTime() can allocate stack memory based on an attacker-controlled MessagePack extension length. In the slow path for timestamp extension parsing, the computed tokenSize includes the extension body length from the wire and is used in a stackalloc operation before the extension length is validated as one of the valid timestamp sizes. A very small payload can claim a large timestamp extension body and cause a stack allocation large enough to trigger an uncatchable StackOverflowException, terminating the host process. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.5.301 and 3.1.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 14:58 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
- CWE-502 - Deserialization of Untrusted Data
- CWE-674 - Uncontrolled Recursion
- CWE-789 - Memory Allocation with Excessive Size Value
- CWE-1188 - Insecure Default Initialization of Resource
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MessagePack-CSharp | MessagePack-CSharp |
Affected:
>= 3.1.7, < 3.1.7
Affected: < 2.5.301 |
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CVE-2026-48044 (GCVE-0-2026-48044)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-26 17:31 – Updated: 2026-06-26 18:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Envoy Zstd Decompressor: Ratio Check at Wrong Loop Depth lead to memory explosion
Summary
Envoy is an open source edge and service proxy designed for cloud-native applications. From 1.23.0 until 1.35.11, 1.36.7, 1.37.3, and 1.38.1, a vulnerability has been identified in Envoy's zstd decompressor implementation (ZstdDecompressorImpl). When zstd decompression is enabled, processing a specially crafted, highly compressed zstd payload can lead to massive memory allocation. An attacker can exploit this to cause severe memory exhaustion, potentially resulting in an Out-Of-Memory (OOM) kill and Denial of Service (DoS) for the Envoy proxy. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.35.11, 1.36.7, 1.37.3, and 1.38.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-26 18:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| envoyproxy | envoy |
Affected:
>= 1.38.0, < 1.38.1
Affected: >= 1.37.0, < 1.37.3 Affected: >= 1.36.0, < 1.36.7 Affected: >= 1.23.0, < 1.35.11 |
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CVE-2026-46387 (GCVE-0-2026-46387)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 14:10 – Updated: 2026-09-10 14:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Suricata http2: decompression bomb can cause denial of service in Suricata
Summary
Suricata is a network Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion Prevention System and Network Security Monitoring engine. Prior to versions 7.0.16 and 8.0.5, Suricata's HTTP/2 decompression path could grow the decompressed response-body buffer without an effective upper bound. A crafted HTTP/2 DATA payload using a high compression ratio, such as gzip, deflate, or brotli compressed data, could cause Suricata to allocate excessive memory while decompressing the payload. Versions 7.0.16 and 8.0.5 contain a fix. As a workaround, disable HTTP2.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 14:57 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OISF/suricata/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://forum.suricata.io/t/suricata-8-0-5-and-7-… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://redmine.openinfosecfoundation.org/issues/8513 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-44981 (GCVE-0-2026-44981)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 19:47 – Updated: 2026-07-17 13:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CrowdSec LAPI: Denial of Service via Unbounded Gzip Decompression
Summary
CrowdSec offers crowdsourced protection against malicious IPs. From 1.7.0 until 1.7.8, the LAPI router used gin-contrib/gzip with DefaultDecompressHandle globally in pkg/apiserver/controllers/controller.go, causing /v1/watchers and /v1/watchers/login to decompress unauthenticated gzip-compressed JSON request bodies without enforcing a maximum decompressed size and allowing excessive heap allocation that can make LAPI unreachable. This issue is fixed in version 1.7.8.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-17 13:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| crowdsecurity | crowdsec |
Affected:
>= 1.7.0, < 1.7.8
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-44981",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-07-17T13:50:13.445431Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-17T13:50:30.497Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "crowdsec",
"vendor": "crowdsecurity",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 1.7.0, \u003c 1.7.8"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "CrowdSec offers crowdsourced protection against malicious IPs. From 1.7.0 until 1.7.8, the LAPI router used gin-contrib/gzip with DefaultDecompressHandle globally in pkg/apiserver/controllers/controller.go, causing /v1/watchers and /v1/watchers/login to decompress unauthenticated gzip-compressed JSON request bodies without enforcing a maximum decompressed size and allowing excessive heap allocation that can make LAPI unreachable. This issue is fixed in version 1.7.8."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 8.2,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-409",
"description": "CWE-409: Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-16T19:47:30.747Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/security/advisories/GHSA-273h-gvwr-c3qj",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/security/advisories/GHSA-273h-gvwr-c3qj"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/commit/54a0dfe6c16b7687b0da6634e0b19ef0f5d9bb30",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/commit/54a0dfe6c16b7687b0da6634e0b19ef0f5d9bb30"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/commit/56d0d6915f7f25941dc5b4f484028646f6601a37",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/crowdsecurity/crowdsec/commit/56d0d6915f7f25941dc5b4f484028646f6601a37"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-273h-gvwr-c3qj",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "CrowdSec LAPI: Denial of Service via Unbounded Gzip Decompression"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-44981",
"datePublished": "2026-07-16T19:47:30.747Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-08T16:23:33.264Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-17T13:50:30.497Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.