Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-177
AllowedImproper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
The product does not properly handle when all or part of an input has been URL encoded.
33 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-76172 (GCVE-0-2026-76172)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-24 10:07 – Updated: 2026-08-24 14:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-uri vulnerable to host confusion via percent-encoded scheme normalization
Summary
fast-uri is a URI parser for Node.js. During parsing it runs a legacy decoding pass over the scheme component and never re-escapes the result, and serialization writes the scheme back out verbatim, unlike the host component which is re-escaped. As a result an input whose scheme carries percent-encoded slashes parses as a scheme with no authority, so the parsed host and error are both undefined, yet resolving or normalizing that same input emits a network-path reference whose authority is attacker-chosen and re-parses to that host. An application that allowlists on the parsed host, or treats a reference with no authority as safe to resolve against its base, gets the opposite of what it checked, giving an off-site redirect, server-side request forgery, or address-policy bypass. The legacy decoder also expands non-standard escape forms, widening the issue past upstream filters, and control characters in the scheme can reach the output as raw carriage return and line feed. The affected versions are 2.3.1 up to but not including 2.4.5, 3.0.0 up to but not including 3.1.6, and 4.0.0 up to but not including 4.1.3. The issue is fixed in 2.4.5, 3.1.6, and 4.1.3, which reject a scheme that is not valid after decoding. Users should upgrade to a patched version.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 14:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-67448 (GCVE-0-2026-67448)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 21:29 – Updated: 2026-08-21 11:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mailpit: WebSocket origin check bypass via percent-encoded path (regression of CVE-2026-22689)
Summary
Mailpit is an email testing tool and API for developers. From 1.29.0 until 1.30.6, Mailpit's server/server.go origin middleware checks the raw RequestURI for the /api/ prefix while Go's ServeMux routes using the percent-decoded URL path, and server/websockets/client.go configures websocket.Upgrader.CheckOrigin to return true. A malicious website can request /%61pi/events, skip corsOriginAccessControl(), reach the /api/events WebSocket handler, and receive live message IDs, Message-Id values, sender and recipient fields, subjects, tags, and body snippets from an unauthenticated default Mailpit instance after the user visits the site. This is a regression of the earlier WebSocket origin protection and does not affect deployments protected by --ui-auth-file. This issue is fixed in version 1.30.6.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 11:31 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
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| https://github.com/axllent/mailpit/commit/fbe5e00… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axllent/mailpit/releases/tag/v1.30.6 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-59083 (GCVE-0-2026-59083)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 08:13 – Updated: 2026-07-14 12:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Tomcat: Incorrect URL decoding in RewriteValve may allow security control bypass
Summary
Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding) vulnerability in Apache Tomcat's rewrite valve allowed security constraint bypass for some configurations.
This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.23, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.56, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.119, from 8.5.0 through 8.5.100. Other versions that have reached end of support may also be affected.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.24, 10.1.57 or 9.0.120, which fix the issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 12:19 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Tomcat |
Affected:
11.0.0-M1 , ≤ 11.0.23
(semver)
Affected: 10.1.0-M1 , ≤ 10.1.56 (semver) Affected: 9.0.0.M1 , ≤ 9.0.119 (semver) Affected: 8.5.0 , ≤ 8.5.100 (semver) Unaffected: 0 , < 8.0.0 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-41041 (GCVE-0-2026-41041)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 09:08 – Updated: 2026-07-13 17:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Gravitino: URL path injection via unencoded user-supplied identifiers in MCP REST client f-string URL construction, enabling path traversal to unintended API endpoints.
Summary
URL path injection via unencoded user-supplied identifiers vulnerability in Apache Gravitino.
This issue affects Apache Gravitino: from 1.0.0 before 1.2.1.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.2.1, which fixes the issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-13 17:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Gravitino |
Affected:
1.0.0 , < 1.2.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-29045 (GCVE-0-2026-29045)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 22:09 – Updated: 2026-03-05 15:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hono: Arbitrary file access via serveStatic vulnerability
Summary
Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. Prior to version 4.12.4, when using serveStatic together with route-based middleware protections (e.g. app.use('/admin/*', ...)), inconsistent URL decoding allowed protected static resources to be accessed without authorization. The router used decodeURI, while serveStatic used decodeURIComponent. This mismatch allowed paths containing encoded slashes (%2F) to bypass middleware protections while still resolving to the intended filesystem path. This issue has been patched in version 4.12.4.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-05 15:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-22037 (GCVE-0-2026-22037)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-19 16:48 – Updated: 2026-01-20 21:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@fastify/express vulnerable to Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Summary
The @fastify/express plugin adds full Express compatibility to Fastify. A security vulnerability exists in @fastify/express prior to version 4.0.3 where middleware registered with a specific path prefix can be bypassed using URL-encoded characters (e.g., `/%61dmin` instead of `/admin`). While the middleware engine fails to match the encoded path and skips execution, the underlying Fastify router correctly decodes the path and matches the route handler, allowing attackers to access protected endpoints without the middleware constraints. The vulnerability is caused by how @fastify/express matches requests against registered middleware paths. This vulnerability is similar to, but differs from, CVE-2026-22031 because this is a different npm module with its own code. Version 4.0.3 of @fastify/express contains a patch fort the issue.
Severity
8.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-20 21:34 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/fastify/fastify-express/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/fastify/fastify-express/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| fastify | fastify-express |
Affected:
< 4.0.3
|
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CVE-2026-22031 (GCVE-0-2026-22031)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-19 15:24 – Updated: 2026-01-20 14:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Fastify Middie Middleware Path Bypass
Summary
@fastify/middie is the plugin that adds middleware support on steroids to Fastify. A security vulnerability exists in @fastify/middie prior to version 9.1.0 where middleware registered with a specific path prefix can be bypassed using URL-encoded characters (e.g., `/%61dmin` instead of `/admin`). While the middleware engine fails to match the encoded path and skips execution, the underlying Fastify router correctly decodes the path and matches the route handler, allowing attackers to access protected endpoints without the middleware constraints. Version 9.1.0 fixes the issue.
Severity
8.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-20 14:45 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/fastify/middie/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/fastify/middie/pull/245 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/fastify/middie/commit/d44cd56e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/fastify/middie/releases/tag/v9.1.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-15371 (GCVE-0-2026-15371)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 06:52 – Updated: 2026-08-19 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Velociraptor Stored XSS in URL column types
Summary
Velociraptor's web GUI allows specifying a custom type for columns in tables. The URL type takes the cell value and forms a URL which can be clicked in the GUI.The code does not limit the schemes allowed in this URL , allowing an attacker to specify a JavaScript scheme exposing the user to XSS.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper handling of URL encoding (hex encoding)
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rapid7 | Velociraptor |
Affected:
0 , < 0.77.2
(semver)
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CVE-2026-6414 (GCVE-0-2026-6414)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 13:09 – Updated: 2026-04-16 13:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@fastify/static vulnerable to route guard bypass via encoded path separators
Summary
@fastify/static versions 8.0.0 through 9.1.0 decode percent-encoded path separators (%2F) before filesystem resolution, while Fastify's router treats them as literal characters. This mismatch allows attackers to bypass route-based middleware or guards that protect files served by @fastify/static. For example, a route guard on a protected path can be circumvented by encoding the path separator in the URL. Upgrade to @fastify/static 9.1.1 to fix this issue. There are no workarounds.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-16 13:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| @fastify/static | @fastify/static |
Affected:
8.0.0 , < 9.1.1
(semver)
Unaffected: 9.1.1 (semver) |
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CVE-2025-11990 (GCVE-0-2025-11990)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-15 08:03 – Updated: 2025-11-17 20:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding) in GitLab
Summary
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 18.4 before 18.4.4, and 18.5 before 18.5.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to gain CSRF tokens by exploiting improper input validation in repository references combined with redirect handling weaknesses.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-17 20:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-177 - Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/11/12/patc… | |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/577850 | issue-trackingpermissions-required |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/3257843 | technical-descriptionexploitpermissions-required |
Impacted products
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Mitigation MIT-44
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Input Validation
Avoid making decisions based on names of resources (e.g. files) if those resources can have alternate names.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
CAPEC-120: Double Encoding
The adversary utilizes a repeating of the encoding process for a set of characters (that is, character encoding a character encoding of a character) to obfuscate the payload of a particular request. This may allow the adversary to bypass filters that attempt to detect illegal characters or strings, such as those that might be used in traversal or injection attacks. Filters may be able to catch illegal encoded strings, but may not catch doubly encoded strings. For example, a dot (.), often used in path traversal attacks and therefore often blocked by filters, could be URL encoded as %2E. However, many filters recognize this encoding and would still block the request. In a double encoding, the % in the above URL encoding would be encoded again as %25, resulting in %252E which some filters might not catch, but which could still be interpreted as a dot (.) by interpreters on the target.
CAPEC-468: Generic Cross-Browser Cross-Domain Theft
An attacker makes use of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) injection to steal data cross domain from the victim's browser. The attack works by abusing the standards relating to loading of CSS: 1. Send cookies on any load of CSS (including cross-domain) 2. When parsing returned CSS ignore all data that does not make sense before a valid CSS descriptor is found by the CSS parser.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-72: URL Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the URL. An adversary can take advantage of the multiple way of encoding an URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL.