Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-180

Weakness Allowed

Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft

The product validates input before it is canonicalized.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Variant level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-179 · View CWE-1000
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Notes

Relationship

This overlaps other categories.

Content history
Submission: PLOVER · 2006-07-19 · CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci · Cigital · 2008-07-01 · CWE 1.0

updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction

Modification: · Veracode · 2008-08-15 · CWE 1.0

Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Other_Notes, Relationship_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-02-16 · CWE 1.8

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-01-19 · CWE 2.10

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Functional_Areas

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-01-03 · CWE 3.2

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships, Type

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-01-31 · CWE 4.10

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated Observed_Examples, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Description, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

95 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-126837 (GCVE-0-2026-126837)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 17:00 – Updated: 2026-11-13 18:56
VLAI
Title
Attacker able to redirect a client's database traffic to a host they control via special characters in an SRV target, bypassing the SRV parent-domain guard
Summary
A validation flaw in the DNS SRV host discovery of the MongoDB Node.js driver may cause the driver to connect to a host outside the expected domain. For a mongodb+srv:// connection string, the driver checks each host name in the DNS SRV response against the domain of the connection string. The driver then builds the connection address from the original name, in which certain characters end the host name early. An unauthenticated party who can forge or change the DNS SRV response may redirect the connection to a host of their choice. TLS does not prevent this, because the driver verifies the server certificate against the redirected host name. This may result in unintended disclosure of application data and authentication credentials, and in altered query results. Applications that use mongodb:// connection strings are not affected.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-13 18:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
mongodb CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 261 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MongoDB Node.js Driver Affected: 3.3.3 , < 7.8.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-126663 (GCVE-0-2026-126663)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-11 12:24 – Updated: 2026-11-11 12:24
VLAI
Title
Contao 4.0.0 before 5.3.54, 5.4.0 before 5.7.17, and 6.0.0 before 6.0.6 Path Traversal via Image Insert Tag
Summary
Contao 4.0.0 before 5.3.54, 5.4.0 before 5.7.17, and 6.0.0 before 6.0.6 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows content editors to read image files anywhere on the filesystem via the {{image::}} insert tag. Attackers can embed percent-encoded sequences like ..%2f that pass Validator::isInsecurePath() before rawurldecode(), making the frontend resize and serve readable image files outside the files directory.
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Contao Contao Affected: 4.0.0 , < 5.3.54 (semver)
Affected: 5.4.0-RC1 , < 5.7.17 (semver)
Affected: 6.0.0-RC1 , < 6.0.6 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:contao:contao:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:contao:contao:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:contao:contao:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-11 07:13
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-126207 (GCVE-0-2026-126207)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 20:53 – Updated: 2026-11-13 19:43
VLAI
Title
Loofah: CSS url() sanitization bypass via escaped parentheses
Summary
Loofah is a general library for manipulating and transforming HTML/XML documents and fragments, built on top of Nokogiri. Prior to 2.25.3, Loofah::HTML5::Scrub.scrub_css checks only the first parse of a style attribute, then rebuilds CSS with identifier escapes decoded so escaped parentheses, property names, comments, or quotes can become a live url() without a second safety check. An attacker can use list-style to make a viewer's browser request an attacker-chosen URL when content renders, or cursor to make the request on hover. The request can disclose the viewer's IP address, user agent, access timing, and access to internal-network hosts, but no script survives sanitization and the attacker cannot read the response. This issue is fixed in version 2.25.3.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-13 19:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
  • CWE-184 - Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
flavorjones loofah Affected: < 2.25.3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-125110 (GCVE-0-2026-125110)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 22:00 – Updated: 2026-11-14 02:25
VLAI
Title
Rack: Rack::Static header_rules bypass via dot-segment normalization mismatch
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to 2.2.25, 3.1.23, and 3.2.8, Rack::Static serves a path after Utils.clean_path_info normalization but evaluates header_rules against a path that is only URL-decoded. An unauthenticated attacker can request a known file through raw or percent-encoded dot segments and receive it without path-specific security headers such as Content-Disposition or Content-Security-Policy. Applications that do not use path-specific header_rules are not affected. This issue is fixed in versions 2.2.25, 3.1.23, and 3.2.8.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-14 02:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
rack rack Affected: < 2.2.25
Affected: >= 3.0, < 3.1.23
Affected: >= 3.2, < 3.2.8
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-120638 (GCVE-0-2026-120638)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 23:40 – Updated: 2026-11-09 18:50
VLAI
Title
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow open redirects via HTML entity decoding of the URL after application validation in redirect
Summary
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow open redirects via HTML entity decoding of the URL after application validation in redirect. redirect decodes HTML entities in its URL before writing the Location header, so a URL the application has already validated can change meaning. For example, /&#47;evil.example/ becomes //evil.example/ and sends the user to another host.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 18:49 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
CPANSec CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard C 61/100 over 360 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 5.00 (custom)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-118662 (GCVE-0-2026-118662)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-28 20:33 – Updated: 2026-11-02 23:57
VLAI
Title
Vite: `server.fs.deny` bypassed with queries
Summary
Vite is a frontend tooling framework for JavaScript. From 6.4.4 until 6.4.5, the Vite development server can evaluate server.fs.deny before stripping loader query parameters such as ?raw, ?import&raw, or ?import&url&inline. When the development server is exposed to the network and a sensitive file is inside server.fs.allow but matched by server.fs.deny, an unauthenticated attacker can append one of these queries and retrieve the denied file. This issue is fixed in version 6.4.5.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 23:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
  • CWE-284 - Improper Access Control
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
vitejs vite Affected: >= 6.4.4, < 6.4.5
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-114622 (GCVE-0-2026-114622)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 13:41 – Updated: 2026-10-30 20:04
VLAI
Title
baserCMS: Encoded path traversal bypass in the theme file API
Summary
baserCMS is a website development framework. In versions 5.2.3 before 5.3.2 and 5.4.0 before 5.4.2, the optional BcThemeFile plugin's Admin API validates a raw path in ThemeFilesService::update() and getFullpath(), but ThemeFileForm::_execute() subsequently applies rawurldecode() to fullpath before writing. Because normalizePath() resolves only literal dot segments, percent-encoded traversal can pass the containment checks and become a path outside the theme directory at the write sink. An authenticated administrator can write PHP files into writable locations such as webroot and execute them, exceeding the intended theme-template editing boundary. The source also identifies the same check-before-decode ordering in ThemeFilesService::copy(), although that path was not dynamically verified. Exploitation requires the non-default plugin, an administrator session, and a same-origin Origin header; USE_CORE_ADMIN_API=false does not block session-authenticated requests. The Admin web form is not affected by this encoded-path tampering because FormProtection protects fullpath. This is a third bypass of the protections associated with CVE-2026-30940, using encoded traversal decoded after validation. This issue has been patched in versions 5.3.2 and 5.4.2.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 20:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
baserproject basercms Affected: >= 5.2.3, < 5.3.2
Affected: >= 5.4.0, < 5.4.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-112003 (GCVE-0-2026-112003)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-18 11:38 – Updated: 2026-10-19 18:41
VLAI
Title
ProjectSend 2.0.0 before 2.7.0 Path Validation Bypass via Orphan File Import/Delete
Summary
ProjectSend 2.0.0 before 2.7.0 contains a path validation flaw in OrphanFileScanner::isOrphan() that allows staff with import_orphans permission to treat tracked files as orphans. Attackers can submit ./ path aliases to the orphans import or delete endpoints, deleting or adopting other owners' files while bypassing delete_others_files.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 18:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ProjectSend ProjectSend Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.7.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:projectsend:projectsend:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-07 02:40
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-110846 (GCVE-0-2026-110846)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 22:52 – Updated: 2026-10-20 02:22
VLAI
Title
n8n before 2.41.4 and 2.42.1 Send-and-Wait HMAC Signature Bypass via Waiting-Webhook
Summary
n8n before 2.41.4 and 2.42.x before 2.42.1 contains a signature bypass in the waiting-webhook endpoint, which selects Send-and-Wait validation before normalising an alternate node reference form. Attackers holding an execution's resume token can approve waiting executions meant for others, running downstream actions under the workflow owner's credentials, potentially including command execution.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-20 02:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n8n-io n8n Affected: 0 , < 2.41.4 (semver)
Affected: 2.42.0 , < 2.42.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:n8n:n8n:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:n8n:n8n:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-30 00:00
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-110306 (GCVE-0-2026-110306)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 07:03 – Updated: 2026-10-20 19:14
VLAI
Title
fast-uri vulnerable to URI scheme spoofing via percent-encoded scheme decoding
Summary
fast-uri is a dependency-free RFC 3986 URI parser and serializer for Node.js. In versions before 2.4.8, from 3.0.0 through 3.1.8, and from 4.0.0 through 4.2.2, fast-uri percent-decodes the scheme component with the legacy global unescape() function before validating it, so an input whose decoded scheme is a dangerous token is emitted as a live scheme even though RFC 3986 does not allow percent-encoding in a scheme and no other parser accepts it. An application that screens dangerous schemes on the raw input and then stores or renders the normalized or resolved result can turn an inert string into an executable javascript, data, or vbscript URL, producing a stored or reflected cross-site scripting vector, and the equal() comparison treats an encoded and a plain scheme as the same, which can bypass equality-based allowlists. The issue is fixed in fast-uri 2.4.8, 3.1.9, and 4.2.3, and users should upgrade to one of these versions or later. As a workaround, reject input whose scheme part contains a percent sign, or check the parsed scheme against an allowlist after normalization and use that same parsed result rather than the raw string.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-20 19:14 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-172 - Encoding Error
  • CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
openjs CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard C 66/100 over 142 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
fast-uri fast-uri Affected: 0 , < 2.4.8 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.4.8 (semver)
Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.1.9 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.1.9 (semver)
Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.2.3 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.2.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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              "value": "fast-uri is a dependency-free RFC 3986 URI parser and serializer for Node.js. In versions before 2.4.8, from 3.0.0 through 3.1.8, and from 4.0.0 through 4.2.2, fast-uri percent-decodes the scheme component with the legacy global unescape() function before validating it, so an input whose decoded scheme is a dangerous token is emitted as a live scheme even though RFC 3986 does not allow percent-encoding in a scheme and no other parser accepts it. An application that screens dangerous schemes on the raw input and then stores or renders the normalized or resolved result can turn an inert string into an executable javascript, data, or vbscript URL, producing a stored or reflected cross-site scripting vector, and the equal() comparison treats an encoded and a plain scheme as the same, which can bypass equality-based allowlists. The issue is fixed in fast-uri 2.4.8, 3.1.9, and 4.2.3, and users should upgrade to one of these versions or later. As a workaround, reject input whose scheme part contains a percent sign, or check the parsed scheme against an allowlist after normalization and use that same parsed result rather than the raw string."
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        "orgId": "ce714d77-add3-4f53-aff5-83d477b104bb",
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      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/fastify/fast-uri/security/advisories/GHSA-w74x-v6f9-j3xg"
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        {
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      "title": "fast-uri vulnerable to URI scheme spoofing via percent-encoded scheme decoding",
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    "cveId": "CVE-2026-110306",
    "datePublished": "2026-10-20T07:03:47.312Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-10-13T19:49:41.192Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-20T19:14:13.871Z",
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Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.

CAPEC-267: Leverage Alternate Encoding

An adversary leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input or content used by applications such that the applications are ineffective at validating this encoding standard.

CAPEC-3: Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters

Some APIs will strip certain leading characters from a string of parameters. An adversary can intentionally introduce leading "ghost" characters (extra characters that don't affect the validity of the request at the API layer) that enable the input to pass the filters and therefore process the adversary's input. This occurs when the targeted API will accept input data in several syntactic forms and interpret it in the equivalent semantic way, while the filter does not take into account the full spectrum of the syntactic forms acceptable to the targeted API.

CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic

An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.

CAPEC-80: Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack is a specific variation on leveraging alternate encodings to bypass validation logic. This attack leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input in UTF-8 and submit it to applications not expecting or effective at validating this encoding standard making input filtering difficult. UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. Legal UTF-8 characters are one to four bytes long. However, early version of the UTF-8 specification got some entries wrong (in some cases it permitted overlong characters). UTF-8 encoders are supposed to use the "shortest possible" encoding, but naive decoders may accept encodings that are longer than necessary. According to the RFC 3629, a particularly subtle form of this attack can be carried out against a parser which performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain illegal octet sequences as characters.