Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-131

Allowed

Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer, which could lead to a buffer overflow.

270 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-55827 (GCVE-0-2026-55827)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-10 19:47 – Updated: 2026-07-15 03:58
VLAI
Title
FreeRDP: Heap out-of-bounds write in RemoteFX (RFX) Cache Bitmap V3 decode
Summary
FreeRDP is a free implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol. Prior to 3.27.1, FreeRDP clients launched with the non-default /cache:codec:rfx option pass desktop stride and height to RemoteFX decoding for Cache Bitmap V3 data while allocating bitmap->data only for the smaller DstWidth and DstHeight in gdi_Bitmap_Decompress, allowing a malicious RDP server to trigger a heap out-of-bounds write with attacker-controlled offset and content. This issue is fixed in version 3.27.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
  • CWE-787 - Out-of-bounds Write
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
FreeRDP FreeRDP Affected: < 3.27.1
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CVE-2026-54696 (GCVE-0-2026-54696)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-30 22:05 – Updated: 2026-07-01 13:20
VLAI
Title
Ruby JSON: JSON generator heap buffer overflow when streaming to an IO
Summary
Ruby JSON is a JSON implementation for Ruby. Versions 2.9.0 through 2.19.8 are vulnerable to heap buffer overflow when the JSON generator is provided with an oversized streamed object. When streaming to an IO JSON.dump(obj, io) and JSON::State#generate(obj, io) can write past the internal JSON generator buffer when a streamed object contains an attacker-controlled string near 16 KB. Exploitation would result in a reliable process crash/denial of service. This issue has been fixed in version 2.19.9.
Severity
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
  • CWE-787 - Out-of-bounds Write
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ruby json Affected: >= 2.9.0, < 2.19.9
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-49841 (GCVE-0-2026-49841)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 16:02 – Updated: 2026-06-11 03:55
VLAI
Title
FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication heap buffer overflow in `mod_verto` HTTP POST body read
Summary
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to version 1.11.1, the mod_verto HTTP request handler allocates a fixed 2 MiB buffer for a POST application/x-www-form-urlencoded body but accepts Content-Length up to just under 10 MiB. The body-read loop is bounded by Content-Length rather than the buffer size, producing an attacker-controlled heap overflow of up to ~8 MiB -- before the HTTP basic-auth check runs. This issue has been patched in version 1.11.1.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
signalwire freeswitch Affected: < 1.11.1
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CVE-2026-46521 (GCVE-0-2026-46521)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 21:40 – Updated: 2026-06-11 13:13
VLAI
Title
ImageMagick: Heap Buffer Over-Write in MIFF encoder when using LZMA compression
Summary
ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. Prior to versions 6.9.13-48 and 7.1.2-23, when using LZMA compression in the MIFF encoder an out of bounds write can occur due to a missing check. This issue has been patched in versions 6.9.13-48 and 7.1.2-23.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
  • CWE-252 - Unchecked Return Value
  • CWE-787 - Out-of-bounds Write
  • CWE-835 - Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition ('Infinite Loop')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ImageMagick ImageMagick Affected: < 6.9.13-48
Affected: < 7.1.2-23
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-44223 (GCVE-0-2026-44223)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 19:58 – Updated: 2026-06-22 21:49
VLAI
Title
vLLM: extract_hidden_states speculative decoding crashes server on any request with penalty parameters
Summary
vLLM is an inference and serving engine for large language models (LLMs). From 0.18.0 to before 0.20.0, the extract_hidden_states speculative decoding proposer in vLLM returns a tensor with an incorrect shape after the first decode step, causing a RuntimeError that crashes the EngineCore process. The crash is triggered when any request in the batch uses sampling penalty parameters (repetition_penalty, frequency_penalty, or presence_penalty). A single request with a penalty parameter (e.g., "repetition_penalty": 1.1) is sufficient to crash the server. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.20.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
  • CWE-704 - Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
vllm-project vllm Affected: >= 0.18.0, < 0.20.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-42915 (GCVE-0-2026-42915)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 17:06 – Updated: 2026-07-08 23:24
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Windows VMSwitch Denial of Service Vulnerability
Summary
Incorrect calculation of buffer size in Windows VMSwitch allows an authorized attacker to deny service locally.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 Affected: 10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7417 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 10 Version 22H2 Affected: 10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7417 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7219 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 23H2 Affected: 10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7219 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 24H2 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8655 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 Version 25H2 Affected: 10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8655 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows 11 version 26H1 Affected: 10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2269 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Affected: 10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5256 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32995 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Microsoft Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) Affected: 10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32995 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-09 14:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-41676 (GCVE-0-2026-41676)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 17:16 – Updated: 2026-04-24 17:43
VLAI
Title
rust-openssl: Deriver::derive and PkeyCtxRef::derive can overflow short buffers on OpenSSL 1.1.1
Summary
rust-openssl provides OpenSSL bindings for the Rust programming language. From 0.9.27 to before 0.10.78, Deriver::derive (and PkeyCtxRef::derive) sets len = buf.len() and passes it as the in/out length to EVP_PKEY_derive, relying on OpenSSL to honor it. On OpenSSL 1.1.x, X25519, X448, DH and HKDF-extract ignore the incoming *keylen, unconditionally writing the full shared secret (32/56/prime-size bytes). A caller passing a short slice gets a heap/stack overflow from safe code. OpenSSL 3.x providers do check, so this only impacts older OpenSSL. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.10.78.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-787 - Out-of-bounds Write
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
rust-openssl rust-openssl Affected: >= 0.9.27, < 0.10.78
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-41197 (GCVE-0-2026-41197)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-23 00:35 – Updated: 2026-04-25 03:55
VLAI
Title
Brillig: Heap corruption in foreign call results with nested tuple arrays
Summary
Noir is a Domain Specific Language for SNARK proving systems that is designed to use any ACIR compatible proving system, and Brillig is the bytecode ACIR uses for non-determinism. Noir programs can invoke external functions through foreign calls. When compiling to Brillig bytecode, the SSA instructions are processed block-by-block in `BrilligBlock::compile_block()`. When the compiler encounters an `Instruction::Call` with a `Value::ForeignFunction` target, it invokes `codegen_call()` in `brillig_call/code_gen_call.rs`, which dispatches to `convert_ssa_foreign_call()`. Before emitting the foreign call opcode, the compiler must pre-allocate memory for any array results the call will return. This happens through `allocate_external_call_results()`, which iterates over the result types. For `Type::Array` results, it delegates to `allocate_foreign_call_result_array()` to recursively allocate memory on the heap for nested arrays. The `BrilligArray` struct is the internal representation of a Noir array in Brillig IR. Its `size` field represents the semi-flattened size, the total number of memory slots the array occupies, accounting for the fact that composite types like tuples consume multiple slots per element. This size is computed by `compute_array_length()` in `brillig_block_variables.rs`. For the outer array, `allocate_external_call_results()` correctly uses `define_variable()`, which internally calls `allocate_value_with_type()`. This function applies the formula above, producing the correct semi-flattened size. However, for nested arrays, `allocate_foreign_call_result_array()` contains a bug. The pattern `Type::Array(_, nested_size)` discards the inner types with `_` and uses only `nested_size`, the semantic length of the nested array (the number of logical elements), not the semi-flattened size. For simple element types this works correctly, but for composite element types it under-allocates. Foreign calls returning nested arrays of tuples or other composite types corrupt the Brillig VM heap. Version 1.0.0-beta.19 fixes this issue.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
noir-lang noir Affected: < 1.0.0-beta.19
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-40918 (GCVE-0-2026-40918)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-15 18:59 – Updated: 2026-04-20 17:10
VLAI
Title
Gimp: gimp: denial of service via crafted pvr image file
Summary
A flaw was found in GIMP. Processing a specially crafted PVR image file with large dimensions can lead to a denial of service (DoS). This occurs due to a stack-based buffer overflow and an out-of-bounds read in the PVR image loader, causing the application to crash. Systems that process untrusted PVR image files are affected.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-40918 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2458747 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-04-15 18:41
Credits
Red Hat would like to thank mzfr for reporting this issue.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-40618 (GCVE-0-2026-40618)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 14:12 – Updated: 2026-05-13 16:13
VLAI
Title
BIG-IP SSL/TLS vulnerability
Summary
When an SSL profile is configured on a virtual server on BIG-IP Virtual Edition (VE) without Intel QuickAssist Technology (QAT) or on BIG-IP hardware platforms with the database variable crypto.hwacceleration set to disabled, undisclosed traffic can cause the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate.   Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
f5
References
URL Tags
https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000158082 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
F5 BIG-IP Unaffected: 21.1.0 , < * (custom)
Affected: 21.0.0 , < 21.0.0.1 (custom)
Affected: 17.5.0 , < 17.1.5.4 (custom)
Affected: 17.1.0 , < 17.1.3.1 (custom)
Affected: 16.1.0 , < * (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
F5 BIG-IP Next SPK Affected: 2.0.0 , < * (custom)
Affected: 1.7.0 , < * (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
F5 BIG-IP Next CNF Affected: 2.0.0 , < * (custom)
Affected: 1.1.0 , < * (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
F5 BIG-IP Next for Kubernetes Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.2.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-05-13 14:00
Credits
F5
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:L",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-131",
              "description": "CWE-131 Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-13T14:12:33.941Z",
        "orgId": "9dacffd4-cb11-413f-8451-fbbfd4ddc0ab",
        "shortName": "f5"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000158082"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "INTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "BIG-IP SSL/TLS vulnerability",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "F5 SIRTBot v1.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "9dacffd4-cb11-413f-8451-fbbfd4ddc0ab",
    "assignerShortName": "f5",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-40618",
    "datePublished": "2026-05-13T14:12:33.941Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-04-30T23:02:47.694Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-13T16:13:44.066Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Implementation

When allocating a buffer for the purpose of transforming, converting, or encoding an input, allocate enough memory to handle the largest possible encoding. For example, in a routine that converts "&" characters to "&amp;" for HTML entity encoding, the output buffer needs to be at least 5 times as large as the input buffer.

Mitigation MIT-36
Implementation
  • Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
  • Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-8
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation
Implementation

When processing structured incoming data containing a size field followed by raw data, identify and resolve any inconsistencies between the size field and the actual size of the data (CWE-130).

Mitigation
Implementation

When allocating memory that uses sentinels to mark the end of a data structure - such as NUL bytes in strings - make sure you also include the sentinel in your calculation of the total amount of memory that must be allocated.

Mitigation MIT-13
Implementation

Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use sizeof() on the appropriate data type to avoid CWE-467.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use the appropriate type for the desired action. For example, in C/C++, only use unsigned types for values that could never be negative, such as height, width, or other numbers related to quantity. This will simplify validation and will reduce surprises related to unexpected casting.

Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences, or buffer allocation routines that automatically track buffer size.
  • Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-10
Operation Build and Compilation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

  • Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
  • D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation Build and Compilation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

  • Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
  • Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
  • For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

  • Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
  • For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-26
Implementation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers

Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.

CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion

In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.

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