Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-131
Weakness AllowedIncorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting potential errors in buffer calculations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Effectiveness: Moderate
Without visibility into the code, black box methods may not be able to sufficiently distinguish this weakness from others, requiring follow-up manual methods to diagnose the underlying problem.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Manual Analysis
Manual analysis can be useful for finding this weakness, but it might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints. This becomes difficult for weaknesses that must be considered for all inputs, since the attack surface can be too large.
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of allocation calculations. This can be useful for detecting overflow conditions (CWE-190) or similar weaknesses that might have serious security impacts on the program.
Effectiveness: High
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules.
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Binary Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Source Code Quality Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Maintenance
This is a broad category. Some examples include:
simple math errors,
incorrectly updating parallel counters,
not accounting for size differences when "transforming" one input to another format (e.g. URL canonicalization or other transformation that can generate a result that's larger than the original input, i.e. "expansion").
This level of detail is rarely available in public reports, so it is difficult to find good examples.
Maintenance
This weakness may be a composite or a chain. It also may contain layering or perspective differences.
This issue may be associated with many different types of incorrect calculations (CWE-682), although the integer overflow (CWE-190) is probably the most prevalent. This can be primary to resource consumption problems (CWE-400), including uncontrolled memory allocation (CWE-789). However, its relationship with out-of-bounds buffer access (CWE-119) must also be considered.
Content history
Submission: PLOVER
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Maintenance_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings, Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-10-14
· CWE 1.0.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-11-24
· CWE 1.1
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-12-28
· CWE 1.7
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Maintenance_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-04-05
· CWE 1.8.1
updated Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Common_Consequences, Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-09-27
· CWE 1.10
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-12-13
· CWE 1.11
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Maintenance_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-09-13
· CWE 2.1
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-02-21
· CWE 2.4
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-07-17
· CWE 2.5
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-02-18
· CWE 2.6
updated Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Likelihood_of_Exploit, References, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-06-28
· CWE 4.8
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-04-03
· CWE 4.17
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Affected_Resources, Detection_Factors, Functional_Areas, Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, References, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Description, References
342 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-116788 (GCVE-0-2026-116788)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 19:39 – Updated: 2026-11-05 19:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication heap buffer overflow in core XML empty-entity decoding
Summary
FreeSWITCH is an open-source software telecommunications platform. Before version 1.11.2, an integer underflow in switch_xml_decode() can cause an undersized heap allocation when an XML document declares an entity with an empty replacement value. Subsequent copying overruns the allocated buffer. An unauthenticated attacker who can reach a SIP profile with presence management enabled and DTD processing permitted can trigger the vulnerability through a crafted SIP PUBLISH request. Exploitation can corrupt heap memory and terminate the FreeSWITCH process, interrupting all active calls. This vulnerability is fixed in version 1.11.2.
Severity
8.2 (High)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.2
|
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CVE-2026-116737 (GCVE-0-2026-116737)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 21:52 – Updated: 2026-11-02 18:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
libphdi through 20260902 Heap Out-of-Bounds Read via Extent Data File Path
Summary
libphdi through 20260902 contains a heap out-of-bounds read vulnerability in libphdi_data_files_get_extent_data_file_path that uses the directory prefix length instead of the basename length. Attackers can supply a crafted Parallels disk image descriptor with a long directory prefix and short basename to crash the process or expose adjacent heap memory.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 18:27 UTC
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/libyal/libphdi/issues/6 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/libyal/libphdi | product |
| https://github.com/libyal/libphdi/commit/61e3e1f6… | patch |
| https://github.com/libyal/libphdi/blob/20260902/l… | technical-description |
| https://hackmd.io/@haindpwn/libphdi-extent-data-f… | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/libphdi-thro… | third-party-advisory |
| https://hackmd.io/@haindpwn/cve-2026-116737-libph… | exploit |
Date Public
2026-10-22 00:00
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CVE-2026-116570 (GCVE-0-2026-116570)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 19:21 – Updated: 2026-11-05 19:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication stack buffer overflow in mod_xml_rpc HTTP directory authentication
Summary
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2, http_directory_auth() rebuilt an expected user@domain:password credential and base64-encoded it into an 80-byte buffer using an encoder without an output-length argument. A configured credential longer than 57 characters overflowed the stack before the supplied HTTP Basic password was compared. An unauthenticated client only needed to name an existing directory user on an exposed mod_xml_rpc HTTP listener; the module is built but not loaded by the stock configuration. The overflow can corrupt the stack and crash FreeSWITCH, ending every active call, although the overrun bytes come from the configured credential and remote code execution has not been demonstrated. This issue is fixed in version 1.11.2.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/0… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.2
|
{
"containers": {
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "freeswitch",
"vendor": "signalwire",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 1.11.2"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2, http_directory_auth() rebuilt an expected user@domain:password credential and base64-encoded it into an 80-byte buffer using an encoder without an output-length argument. A configured credential longer than 57 characters overflowed the stack before the supplied HTTP Basic password was compared. An unauthenticated client only needed to name an existing directory user on an exposed mod_xml_rpc HTTP listener; the module is built but not loaded by the stock configuration. The overflow can corrupt the stack and crash FreeSWITCH, ending every active call, although the overrun bytes come from the configured credential and remote code execution has not been demonstrated. This issue is fixed in version 1.11.2."
}
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"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
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"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
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CVE-2026-112710 (GCVE-0-2026-112710)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 15:52 – Updated: 2026-11-04 20:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Fireware OS Heap Buffer Overflow in AD Authentication Service Allows Pre-Authentication Remote Code Execution
Summary
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the Fireware OS authentication service allows an attacker who controls or intercepts traffic to the configured Active Directory server to create a denial of service condition and potentially execute arbitrary code by returning a specially crafted response.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:45 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.watchguard.com/CVE-2026-112710 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
2025.1 , < 2026.4
(custom)
Affected: 12.0 , < 12.12.4 (custom) |
|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
12.0 , < 12.5.22
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-112709 (GCVE-0-2026-112709)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 15:52 – Updated: 2026-11-04 20:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Fireware OS Heap Buffer Overflow in AD Authentication Service Allows Pre-Authentication Remote Code Execution
Summary
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in the Fireware OS authentication service allows an attacker who controls or intercepts traffic to the configured Active Directory server to create a denial of service condition and potentially execute arbitrary code by returning a specially crafted response.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:46 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.watchguard.com/CVE-2026-112709 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
2025.1 , < 2026.4
(custom)
Affected: 12.0 , < 12.12.4 (custom) |
|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
12.0 , < 12.5.22
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-112008 (GCVE-0-2026-112008)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-18 11:38 – Updated: 2026-10-19 19:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
libmng through 2.0.3 Heap Buffer Overflow via ORDR Chunk Reader mng_read_ordr
Summary
libmng through 2.0.3 contains a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in mng_read_ordr() that allows attackers to corrupt heap memory because ORDR entry buffers are sized by 5-byte on-wire records instead of 8-byte in-memory entries. Attackers can supply a crafted MNG file with MHDR, DHDR and a multi-record ORDR chunk to applications calling mng_read or mng_readdisplay, writing attacker-controlled data past the allocation and crashing the application.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 19:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackmd.io/@haindpwn/libmng-ordr-chunk-sto… | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://sourceforge.net/projects/libmng/files/lib… | product |
| https://sourceforge.net/projects/libmng/ | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/libmng-throu… | third-party-advisory |
Date Public
2026-10-17 00:00
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CVE-2026-107590 (GCVE-0-2026-107590)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 12:24 – Updated: 2026-11-04 20:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Out-of-bounds write vulnerability in QTextCodec iconv-based encoding impacts Qt
Summary
An out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the Qt QTextCodec iconv-based encoding of the Qt 5 Compatibility APIs module (Qt Core in Qt 5 and earlier) impacts Qt. Under certain conditions, encoding text with QTextCodec may write outside an internal buffer. This can cause the application to crash and may affect data integrity.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:42 UTC
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://wiki.qt.io/List_of_known_vulnerabilities_… | vendor-advisory |
| https://codereview.qt-project.org/c/qt/qt5compat/… | patch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-106574 (GCVE-0-2026-106574)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-07 15:35 – Updated: 2026-10-07 16:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ImageMagick: Heap Buffer Over-Write in distributed pixel cache server will result in a crash
Summary
ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. Prior to 7.1.2-31, a client connected to the distributed pixel cache server can send crafted pixel data that triggers an integer-size calculation error and a heap buffer overwrite, crashing the server. This issue is fixed in version 7.1.2-31.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-07 16:17 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ImageMagick | ImageMagick |
Affected:
< 7.1.2-31
|
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CVE-2026-104424 (GCVE-0-2026-104424)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 11:38 – Updated: 2026-10-06 02:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Zebra before 6.1.0 Incorrect Block Size Calculation in getblocktemplate
Summary
Zebra before 6.1.0 contains an incorrect calculation vulnerability in its ZIP-317 block template selector that omits header and transaction-count size from the block budget. Attackers can place valid selectable transactions in a victim miner's mempool to shape templates into oversized blocks, causing rejection and wasted proof-of-work.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-06 02:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/zebra-before… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZcashFoundation | zebra |
Affected:
0 , < 6.1.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.0 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:zfnd:zebra:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-07-17 00:00
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CVE-2026-102729 (GCVE-0-2026-102729)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 17:58 – Updated: 2026-09-29 18:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
`gx_binres_theme_load()` sizes its theme buffer for the theme it was asked for, and allocates it even when the resource holds no theme with that id. A theme id at or past the theme count declared by the resource gets a buffer of zero bytes. The load pass then walks past the end of the theme table, takes whatever follows as a theme header, and writes a `GX_THEME` and its tables into that zero-byte buffer.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 18:25 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eclipse Foundation | GUIX |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.1.202602a
(semver)
Unaffected: 6.5.2.202603 |
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"datePublished": "2026-09-29T17:58:45.234Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-09-29T16:15:23.083Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-29T18:26:36.721Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Implementation
When allocating a buffer for the purpose of transforming, converting, or encoding an input, allocate enough memory to handle the largest possible encoding. For example, in a routine that converts "&" characters to "&" for HTML entity encoding, the output buffer needs to be at least 5 times as large as the input buffer.
Mitigation MIT-36
Implementation
- Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
- Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-8
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Implementation
When processing structured incoming data containing a size field followed by raw data, identify and resolve any inconsistencies between the size field and the actual size of the data (CWE-130).
Mitigation
Implementation
When allocating memory that uses sentinels to mark the end of a data structure - such as NUL bytes in strings - make sure you also include the sentinel in your calculation of the total amount of memory that must be allocated.
Mitigation MIT-13
Implementation
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use sizeof() on the appropriate data type to avoid CWE-467.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use the appropriate type for the desired action. For example, in C/C++, only use unsigned types for values that could never be negative, such as height, width, or other numbers related to quantity. This will simplify validation and will reduce surprises related to unexpected casting.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences, or buffer allocation routines that automatically track buffer size.
- Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-10
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-26
Implementation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.