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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ncan: j1939: j1939_session_new(): fix skb reference counting\n\nSince j1939_session_skb_queue() does an extra skb_get() for each new\nskb, do the same for the initial one in j1939_session_new() to avoid\nrefcount underflow.\n\n[mkl: clean up commit message]"
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              "value": "AV:N - The vulnerable path is in the net/ stack and is entered purely from data received from a remote J1939 peer \u2014 a TP.CM_RTS frame reaches j1939_xtp_rx_rts_session_new() \u2192 j1939_session_fresh_new() \u2192 j1939_session_new(), and peer-supplied TP.CM_CTS frames drive the drop_old free. J1939 segments are routinely bridged to IP by telematics/gateway units, and the kernel CNA scored the equivalent j1939 RTS reception path in the same file (CVE-2026-22997) as AV:N.\nAC:L - The reference-count underflow itself is deterministic \u2014 every session created via j1939_session_new() has an under-referenced head skb, and tearing the session down (timeout, abort, or completion) triggers it. Where the premature free is used, the attacker controls both sides of the race by choosing when and how many RTS/CTS frames to inject and can repeat it indefinitely.\nPR:N - A peer transmitting J1939 frames needs no credentials, account, or privileges on the target \u2014 the stack parses TP.CM_RTS and creates the session automatically. Locally the same defect is reachable from an unprivileged AF_CAN/CAN_J1939 sendmsg(), including over vcan created inside a user namespace.\nUI:N - The j1939 receive handler processes incoming frames and allocates the session in softirq context with no action by any local user. The only precondition is a bound j1939 socket, which is the normal steady state of any device using this stack.\nS:U - The corrupted objects (sk_buff and its heap slab) and the resulting impact are entirely within the kernel\u0027s own security authority. No VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - After the premature free, j1939_session_tx_dat() memcpy()s from the freed skb buffer into outgoing CAN frames, transmitting reclaimed kernel heap contents to the attacker on the bus \u2014 a direct read primitive. More generally, an skb use-after-free lets the attacker groom the freed slab and read back kernel memory.\nI:H - The refcount underflow yields a use-after-free and double-free of an sk_buff, allowing the attacker to reclaim the freed object with controlled data and corrupt adjacent kernel state \u2014 the standard heap-spray primitive for control-flow hijack.\nA:H - The underflow triggers refcount_t saturation warnings (fatal under panic_on_warn) and leaks the skb, while the use-after-free/double-free of the queued skb readily oopses the kernel; either can be induced repeatedly by an unauthenticated peer."
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nima: don\u0027t clear IMA_DIGSIG flag when setting or removing non-IMA xattr\n\nCurrently when both IMA and EVM are in fix mode, the IMA signature will\nbe reset to IMA hash if a program first stores IMA signature in\nsecurity.ima and then writes/removes some other security xattr for the\nfile.\n\nFor example, on Fedora, after booting the kernel with \"ima_appraise=fix\nevm=fix ima_policy=appraise_tcb\" and installing rpm-plugin-ima,\ninstalling/reinstalling a package will not make good reference IMA\nsignature generated. Instead IMA hash is generated,\n\n    # getfattr -m - -d -e hex /usr/bin/bash\n    # file: usr/bin/bash\n    security.ima=0x0404...\n\nThis happens because when setting security.selinux, the IMA_DIGSIG flag\nthat had been set early was cleared. As a result, IMA hash is generated\nwhen the file is closed.\n\nSimilarly, IMA signature can be cleared on file close after removing\nsecurity xattr like security.evm or setting/removing ACL.\n\nPrevent replacing the IMA file signature with a file hash, by preventing\nthe IMA_DIGSIG flag from being reset.\n\nHere\u0027s a minimal C reproducer which sets security.selinux as the last\nstep which can also replaced by removing security.evm or setting ACL,\n\n    #include \u003cstdio.h\u003e\n    #include \u003csys/xattr.h\u003e\n    #include \u003cfcntl.h\u003e\n    #include \u003cunistd.h\u003e\n    #include \u003cstring.h\u003e\n    #include \u003cstdlib.h\u003e\n\n    int main() {\n        const char* file_path = \"/usr/sbin/test_binary\";\n        const char* hex_string = \"030204d33204490066306402304\";\n        int length = strlen(hex_string);\n        char* ima_attr_value;\n        int fd;\n\n        fd = open(file_path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0644);\n        if (fd == -1) {\n            perror(\"Error opening file\");\n            return 1;\n        }\n\n        ima_attr_value = (char*)malloc(length / 2 );\n        for (int i = 0, j = 0; i \u003c length; i += 2, j++) {\n            sscanf(hex_string + i, \"%2hhx\", \u0026ima_attr_value[j]);\n        }\n\n        if (fsetxattr(fd, \"security.ima\", ima_attr_value, length/2, 0) == -1) {\n            perror(\"Error setting extended attribute\");\n            close(fd);\n            return 1;\n        }\n\n        const char* selinux_value= \"system_u:object_r:bin_t:s0\";\n        if (fsetxattr(fd, \"security.selinux\", selinux_value, strlen(selinux_value), 0) == -1) {\n            perror(\"Error setting extended attribute\");\n            close(fd);\n            return 1;\n        }\n\n        close(fd);\n\n        return 0;\n    }"
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              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - Triggering requires local syscalls against a file on the system \u2014 `setxattr`/`fsetxattr` on an EVM-protected xattr, `setfacl`, or `fremovexattr` \u2014 followed by an open/close of the target file. No network, adjacent-network, or physical path reaches the IMA appraisal hooks.\nAC:L - The commit ships a deterministic reproducer: setting any EVM-protected xattr or a POSIX ACL unconditionally clears IMA_DIGSIG every time, with no memory-layout or timing luck involved. The enforce-mode variant needs a race against `process_measurement()`\u0027s `MAY_WRITE` check, but `ima_reset_appraise_flags()` takes no `iint-\u003emutex`, and the attacker drives both sides (one thread spinning on `setxattr(\"system.posix_acl_access\")`, another on `open(O_WRONLY)`); the required IMA-appraise + EVM configuration is a shipped, supported Fedora/RHEL setup, not a rare build option.\nPR:L - `vfs_set_acl()` invokes `security_inode_set_acl()` \u2192 `ima_inode_set_acl()` \u2192 `ima_reset_appraise_flags(inode, 0)` before `set_posix_acl()` ever reaches its `inode_owner_or_capable()` check, so an unprivileged user with no capabilities and no ownership of the file clears the cached IMA_DIGSIG bit on any signed appraised binary \u2014 the syscall fails with -EPERM only after the flag is already gone. No CAP_SYS_ADMIN is needed for this path, unlike the `security.ima` path guarded by `ima_protect_xattr()`.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the xattr/ACL operation and the file open/close entirely from their own process; no victim must mount a filesystem, open a file, or take any other action for the IMA_DIGSIG flag to be cleared and the signature to be replaced.\nS:U - The defeated control (IMA appraisal) and the affected resources (files and their security xattrs) live in the same kernel security authority; no VM, hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Clearing IMA_DIGSIG both drops the \"signed files cannot be opened for write\" enforcement at `ima_main.c:472` and lets `ima_update_xattr()` re-bless the modified content with a fresh hash plus EVM HMAC, so attacker-substituted content in an appraised executable passes appraisal and subsequently runs \u2014 typically in a privileged/service context \u2014 yielding full disclosure of data reachable by that code. This is the standard treatment of a code-integrity/signature-verification bypass; the bug itself contains no direct memory-read primitive.\nI:H - The file\u0027s IMA digital signature \u2014 the one integrity artifact a local attacker cannot forge, since it is verified against the trusted IMA keyring \u2014 is silently destroyed and replaced by a locally computed hash written through `__vfs_setxattr_noperm()`, which bypasses the `CAP_SYS_ADMIN` gate in `ima_protect_xattr()`. Combined with the lost write-block, this converts \"signed and immutable\" into \"mutable and re-blessed on close\", a complete integrity bypass of IMA appraisal for the affected file.\nA:H - Once a signature is replaced by a plain hash, any policy carrying IMA_DIGSIG_REQUIRED (`appraise_type=imasig`) rejects that file in enforce mode, so appraised binaries become permanently unexecutable \u2014 applied to system-critical files such as init, sshd, or libc consumers this denies service and can leave the system unbootable, and the corrupted xattr persists on disk until the file is re-signed out of band."
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{
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    "cna": {
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        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/bluetooth/sco.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "70a13b1e25fef37c87c8a1228ddb8900efbca7cf",
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              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.1.109",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/bluetooth/sco.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.3"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.3",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.168",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.134",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.81",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.22",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.19.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.19.12",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.0",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.168",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.109",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.134",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.81",
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                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.18.22",
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                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
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                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.19.12",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.0",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.3",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nBluetooth: SCO: fix race conditions in sco_sock_connect()\n\nsco_sock_connect() checks sk_state and sk_type without holding\nthe socket lock. Two concurrent connect() syscalls on the same\nsocket can both pass the check and enter sco_connect(), leading\nto use-after-free.\n\nThe buggy scenario involves three participants and was confirmed\nwith additional logging instrumentation:\n\n  Thread A (connect):    HCI disconnect:      Thread B (connect):\n\n  sco_sock_connect(sk)                        sco_sock_connect(sk)\n  sk_state==BT_OPEN                           sk_state==BT_OPEN\n  (pass, no lock)                             (pass, no lock)\n  sco_connect(sk):                            sco_connect(sk):\n    hci_dev_lock                                hci_dev_lock\n    hci_connect_sco                               \u003c- blocked\n      -\u003e hcon1\n    sco_conn_add-\u003econn1\n    lock_sock(sk)\n    sco_chan_add:\n      conn1-\u003esk = sk\n      sk-\u003econn = conn1\n    sk_state=BT_CONNECT\n    release_sock\n    hci_dev_unlock\n                           hci_dev_lock\n                           sco_conn_del:\n                             lock_sock(sk)\n                             sco_chan_del:\n                               sk-\u003econn=NULL\n                               conn1-\u003esk=NULL\n                               sk_state=\n                                 BT_CLOSED\n                               SOCK_ZAPPED\n                             release_sock\n                           hci_dev_unlock\n                                                  (unblocked)\n                                                  hci_connect_sco\n                                                    -\u003e hcon2\n                                                  sco_conn_add\n                                                    -\u003e conn2\n                                                  lock_sock(sk)\n                                                  sco_chan_add:\n                                                    sk-\u003econn=conn2\n                                                  sk_state=\n                                                    BT_CONNECT\n                                                  // zombie sk!\n                                                  release_sock\n                                                  hci_dev_unlock\n\nThread B revives a BT_CLOSED + SOCK_ZAPPED socket back to\nBT_CONNECT. Subsequent cleanup triggers double sock_put() and\nuse-after-free. Meanwhile conn1 is leaked as it was orphaned\nwhen sco_conn_del() cleared the association.\n\nFix this by:\n- Moving lock_sock() before the sk_state/sk_type checks in\n  sco_sock_connect() to serialize concurrent connect attempts\n- Fixing the sk_type != SOCK_SEQPACKET check to actually\n  return the error instead of just assigning it\n- Adding a state re-check in sco_connect() after lock_sock()\n  to catch state changes during the window between the locks\n- Adding sco_pi(sk)-\u003econn check in sco_chan_add() to prevent\n  double-attach of a socket to multiple connections\n- Adding hci_conn_drop() on sco_chan_add failure to prevent\n  HCI connection leaks"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable code is reached through the local connect() syscall on an AF_BLUETOOTH/SCO socket. A Bluetooth peer or HCI disconnect can influence timing, but an adjacent attacker alone cannot race two connect() calls on the same local socket.\nAC:L - The attacker can create the race by issuing concurrent connect() syscalls on the same socket and repeating attempts while the normal HCI failure/disconnect path runs. Under the higher-severity rule, this attacker-controlled race is Low complexity.\nPR:L - SCO socket creation and connect do not impose a capability check, though AF_BLUETOOTH is limited to init_net rather than unprivileged network namespaces. A basic unprivileged local user on the host can open and race BTPROTO_SCO sockets.\nUI:N - No victim action is required once the attacker can run local code. The attacker directly invokes socket/connect operations and can repeat the race.\nS:U - The bug corrupts kernel Bluetooth socket/connection state within the same kernel security authority. It is a standard local kernel compromise/DoS path, not a VM escape or cross-scope boundary bypass.\nC:H - The race leads to a use-after-free/double sock_put on kernel socket objects. Kernel UAFs are defensibly scored as high confidentiality impact because freed objects can be reused for information disclosure primitives.\nI:H - The same UAF/double-free condition can be leveraged through heap reuse and spraying to corrupt kernel objects or control flow. Under the required guidance, UAF memory corruption is High integrity impact.\nA:H - Even without full exploitation, the double sock_put/use-after-free can crash or destabilize the kernel. Kernel crashes and UAF-triggered oops/panic conditions are High availability impact."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:25:19.630Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dabf22269242e2f2bf44c43fcdc2fa763df7f9cc"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/adb90cd0f9f7a8d438fcb93354040fbafc5ae2a0"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7e296ffdab5bdab718dff7c14288fdcb9154fa27"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/98c8d3bfdaa657d8f472dbbebd7ea8cd816d8a8d"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d002bd11024bd231bcb606877e33951ffb7bed14"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8a5b0135d4a5d9683203a3d9a12a711ccec5936b"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Bluetooth: SCO: fix race conditions in sco_sock_connect()",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-43023",
    "datePublished": "2026-05-01T14:15:25.736Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-05-01T14:12:55.975Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:25:19.630Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}