Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-285

Discouraged

Improper Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-21886 (GCVE-0-2026-21886)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-17 15:26 – Updated: 2026-03-17 16:09
VLAI
Title
OpenCTI's GraphQL Mutations Allow Deletion of Unrelated Entities
Summary
OpenCTI is an open source platform for managing cyber threat intelligence knowledge and observables. Prior to version 6.9.1, the GraphQL mutations "IndividualDeletionDeleteMutation" is intended to allow users to delete individual entity objects respectively. However, it was observed that this mutation can be misused to delete unrelated and sensitive objects such as analyses reports etc. This behavior stems from the lack of validation in the API to ensure that the targeted object is contextually related to the mutation being executed. Version 6.9.1 fixes the issue.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
  • CWE-566 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled SQL Primary Key
  • CWE-915 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenCTI-Platform opencti Affected: < 6.9.1
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Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-20960 (GCVE-0-2026-20960)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-16 21:28 – Updated: 2026-04-01 13:49
VLAI
Title
PowerApps Desktop Client Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Improper authorization in Microsoft Power Apps allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network.
Severity
8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Microsoft Microsoft Power Apps Desktop Client Affected: 1.0.0 , < 25121 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-01-16 16:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-20190 (GCVE-0-2026-20190)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-17 16:17 – Updated: 2026-06-17 17:16
VLAI
Title
Cisco Identity Services Engine Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in Cisco ISE and ISE-PIC could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to view sensitive information on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to improper authorization checks when a resource is accessed. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted traffic to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to gain access to sensitive information, including hashed credentials that could be used in future attacks.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Cisco Cisco Identity Services Engine Software Affected: 3.4.0
Affected: 3.4 Patch 1
Affected: 3.4 Patch 2
Affected: 3.4 Patch 3
Affected: 3.5.0
Affected: 3.4 Patch 4
Affected: 3.5 Patch 1
Affected: 3.4 Patch 5
Affected: 3.5 Patch 2
Create a notification for this product.
Cisco Cisco ISE Passive Identity Connector Affected: 3.4.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15909 (GCVE-0-2026-15909)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 00:15 – Updated: 2026-07-16 00:15
VLAI
Title
RafyMrX TOKO-ONLINE-ROTI add.php authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in RafyMrX TOKO-ONLINE-ROTI up to ddfe1cd587be0a0b5135d8b6e85cce2ec3aece99. Affected is an unknown function of the file proses/add.php. The manipulation of the argument kd_cs leads to authorization bypass. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. This product adopts a rolling release strategy to maintain continuous delivery. Therefore, version details for affected or updated releases cannot be specified. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:X/RL:X/RC:R
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:X/RL:X/RC:R
CWE
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/379368 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/379368/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15909 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/844299 third-party-advisory
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
RafyMrX TOKO-ONLINE-ROTI Affected: ddfe1cd587be0a0b5135d8b6e85cce2ec3aece99
    cpe:2.3:a:rafymrx:toko-online-roti:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Dest1ny_2 (VulDB User) VulDB CNA Team
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15622 (GCVE-0-2026-15622)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 01:15 – Updated: 2026-07-14 12:36 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
poco-ai poco-claw Workspace API workspace.py get_workspace_file authorization
Summary
A flaw has been found in poco-ai poco-claw up to 0.5.4. Affected is the function get_workspace_file of the file executor_manager/app/api/v1/workspace.py of the component Workspace API. Executing a manipulation of the argument user_id can lead to authorization bypass. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. This patch is called 67fcc88505c57f77d3fcf04eb5b89425b10cbf48. Upgrading the affected component is recommended.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
poco-ai poco-claw Affected: 0.5.0
Affected: 0.5.1
Affected: 0.5.2
Affected: 0.5.3
Affected: 0.5.4
    cpe:2.3:a:poco-ai:poco-claw:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Eric-b (VulDB User)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15594 (GCVE-0-2026-15594)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 20:15 – Updated: 2026-07-15 15:45
VLAI
Title
waooAI waoowaoo Media hash.ts stablePublicIdFromStorageKey improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was found in waooAI waoowaoo up to 0.4.1. Impacted is the function stablePublicIdFromStorageKey in the library src/lib/media/hash.ts of the component Media Handler. The manipulation of the argument storageKey results in improper authorization. The attack may be performed from remote. The attack requires a high level of complexity. The exploitability is considered difficult. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
  • CWE-266 - Incorrect Privilege Assignment
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/378109 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/378109/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15594 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/855264 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/waooAI/waoowaoo/issues/201 exploitissue-tracking
https://github.com/waooAI/waoowaoo/ product
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
waooAI waoowaoo Affected: 0.4.0
Affected: 0.4.1
    cpe:2.3:a:waooai:waoowaoo:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Dem0000000 (VulDB User) VulDB CNA Team
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15516 (GCVE-0-2026-15516)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 00:15 – Updated: 2026-07-13 15:22
VLAI
Title
MacCMS Pro Installation Index.php step5 authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in MacCMS Pro up to 2022.1000.3005. Impacted is the function step5 of the file application/install/controller/Index.php of the component Installation Module. The manipulation results in authorization bypass. The attack may be launched remotely. The attack requires a high level of complexity. The exploitability is considered difficult. The exploit is now public and may be used. Upgrading to version 2022.1000.3025 is recommended to address this issue. Upgrading the affected component is recommended.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
5.6 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
5.6 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n/a MacCMS Pro Affected: 2022.1000.3005
Unaffected: 2022.1000.3025
    cpe:2.3:a:maccms_pro:maccms_pro:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Credits
luther (VulDB User)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15510 (GCVE-0-2026-15510)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-12 22:45 – Updated: 2026-07-13 15:56
VLAI
Title
Leantime API saveSetting improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Leantime up to 3.8.0. Affected is the function Setting::saveSetting of the component API. The manipulation results in improper authorization. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
  • CWE-266 - Incorrect Privilege Assignment
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/377839 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/377839/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15510 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/846171 third-party-advisory
https://bytium.com/insights/leantime-3-8-0-broken… exploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n/a Leantime Affected: 3.0
Affected: 3.1
Affected: 3.2
Affected: 3.3
Affected: 3.4
Affected: 3.5
Affected: 3.6
Affected: 3.7
Affected: 3.8.0
    cpe:2.3:a:leantime:leantime:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Credits
Jobyer Ahmed (Bytium) suffer (VulDB User) suffer (VulDB User) VulDB CNA Team
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15509 (GCVE-0-2026-15509)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-12 22:30 – Updated: 2026-07-15 15:36
VLAI
Title
Leantime JSON-RPC Endpoint addUser improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Leantime up to 3.8.0. This impacts the function editUser/addUser of the component JSON-RPC Endpoint. The manipulation of the argument role leads to improper authorization. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
  • CWE-266 - Incorrect Privilege Assignment
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/377838 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/377838/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15509 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/846167 third-party-advisory
https://bytium.com/insights/leantime-priv-escalat… exploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n/a Leantime Affected: 3.0
Affected: 3.1
Affected: 3.2
Affected: 3.3
Affected: 3.4
Affected: 3.5
Affected: 3.6
Affected: 3.7
Affected: 3.8.0
    cpe:2.3:a:leantime:leantime:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Credits
Jobyer Ahmed (Bytium) suffer (VulDB User) suffer (VulDB User) VulDB CNA Team
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15499 (GCVE-0-2026-15499)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-12 11:45 – Updated: 2026-07-13 15:18
VLAI
Title
AstrBotDevs AstrBot Scheduled Task cron_tools.py FutureTaskTool.call improper authorization
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in AstrBotDevs AstrBot up to 4.25.2. Affected is the function FutureTaskTool.call of the file astrbot/core/tools/cron_tools.py of the component Scheduled Task Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument payload["note"] results in improper authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
  • CWE-266 - Incorrect Privilege Assignment
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/377806 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/377806/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15499 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/844656 third-party-advisory
https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/2bab96d5bedef7… exploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
AstrBotDevs AstrBot Affected: 4.25.0
Affected: 4.25.1
Affected: 4.25.2
    cpe:2.3:a:astrbot:astrbot:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Eric-a (VulDB User) VulDB CNA Team
Show details on NVD website
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{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-15499",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-13T15:18:38.997324Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-13T15:18:55.453Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:astrbot:astrbot:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "modules": [
            "Scheduled Task Handler"
          ],
          "product": "AstrBot",
          "vendor": "AstrBotDevs",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "4.25.0"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "4.25.1"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "4.25.2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "Eric-a (VulDB User)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "coordinator",
          "value": "VulDB CNA Team"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A security flaw has been discovered in AstrBotDevs AstrBot up to 4.25.2. Affected is the function FutureTaskTool.call of the file astrbot/core/tools/cron_tools.py of the component Scheduled Task Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument payload[\"note\"] results in improper authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
            "version": "4.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV2_0": {
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-285",
              "description": "Improper Authorization",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-266",
              "description": "Incorrect Privilege Assignment",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-12T11:45:08.034Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "VDB-377806 | AstrBotDevs AstrBot Scheduled Task cron_tools.py FutureTaskTool.call improper authorization",
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/377806"
        },
        {
          "name": "VDB-377806 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/377806/cti"
        },
        {
          "name": "CVE-2026-15499 | CVE Analysis and Report",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-15499"
        },
        {
          "name": "Submit #844656 | AstrBotDevs AstrBot 4.25.2 Improper Authorization (CWE-285)",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/844656"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit"
          ],
          "url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/2bab96d5bedef784f90c97009fff8a19"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-07-11T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-07-11T02:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-07-11T14:47:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "AstrBotDevs AstrBot Scheduled Task cron_tools.py FutureTaskTool.call improper authorization"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-15499",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-12T11:45:08.034Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-11T12:41:55.318Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-13T15:18:55.453Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing

An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.

CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values

The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.

CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.

CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens

In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.

CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security

An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.

CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links

This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.

CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing

This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.

{'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}

CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry

SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries

An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.

CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)

An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing

An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.

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