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              "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached through the OcteonTX2 VF\u2192PF\u2192AF PCI mailbox control path, not through packet reception or any network protocol. Exploitation requires local access to an assigned SR-IOV VF device on a Marvell OCTEONTX2/CN9K/CN10K NIC.\nAC:L - Once a VF is assigned in switchdev representor mode, the attacker fully controls the malicious `rep_event` body fields (including `pcifunc`, event flags, and MAC data) and can trigger the path deterministically via repeated mailbox messages without races or uncontrollable timing.\nPR:L - Exploitation requires control of an assigned VF (typical cloud/tenant VM or container with SR-IOV passthrough), not host root; the PF mailbox forwarder passes every VF message ID including `MBOX_MSG_REP_EVENT_NOTIFY` to AF without an allowlist or trusted-VF gate on this path.\nUI:N - No victim user action (mounting, clicking, opening files) is required; the attacker triggers the vulnerable handler directly by sending a crafted mailbox message from their VF.\nS:C - In the highest-impact deployment (SR-IOV VF assigned to an untrusted VM/container tenant), corruption occurs in the host AF driver, crossing the guest/host security boundary analogous to device-mediated VM escape rather than a same-authority local privilege change.\nC:H - An out-of-range body `pcifunc` makes `rvu_get_pfvf()` return a pointer past the allocated `rvu-\u003epf[]`/`rvu-\u003ehwvf[]` arrays, and the slab-out-of-bounds write corrupts adjacent kernel heap memory in a way that can be leveraged for arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - For `RVU_EVENT_MAC_ADDR_CHANGE`, the worker performs a six-byte attacker-chosen `ether_addr_copy()` to an out-of-bounds `rvu_pfvf` target, constituting an exploitable out-of-bounds kernel heap write suitable for control-flow or privilege-escalation primitives.\nA:H - The out-of-bounds heap write in `rvu_rep_wq_handler` can trigger a kernel oops/panic (as confirmed by KASAN slab-out-of-bounds reports) and can be repeated on demand to deny service to the host."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nALSA: seq: Serialize UMP output teardown with event_input\n\nseq_ump_process_event() borrows client-\u003eout_rfile.output without\nsynchronizing with the first-open and last-close transition in\nseq_ump_client_open() and seq_ump_client_close().\n\nThe last output unuse can therefore drop opened[STR_OUT] to zero and\nrelease the rawmidi file while an in-flight event_input callback is still\ninside snd_rawmidi_kernel_write(). That leaves the rawmidi substream\nruntime exposed to teardown before the write path has taken its own\nbuffer reference.\n\nAdd a per-client rwlock for the event_input-visible output file. Publish\na newly opened output file under the write side, and hold the read side\nfrom the output lookup through snd_rawmidi_kernel_write(). The last\noutput close copies and clears the visible output file under the write\nside, then drops the lock and releases the saved rawmidi file. Use\nIRQ-safe rwlock guards because event_input can also be reached from\natomic sequencer delivery.\n\nThe buggy scenario involves two paths, with each column showing the\norder within that path:\n\npath A label: event_input path         path B label: last unuse path\n1. seq_ump_process_event() reads       1. seq_ump_client_close()\n   client-\u003eout_rfile.output.              drops opened[STR_OUT] to zero.\n2. snd_rawmidi_kernel_write1()         2. snd_rawmidi_kernel_release()\n   has not yet pinned runtime.            closes the output file.\n3. The writer continues using          3. close_substream() frees\n   the borrowed substream.                substream-\u003eruntime.\n\nThis keeps the output substream and runtime alive for the full\nevent_input write while keeping rawmidi release outside the rwlock.\n\nKASAN reproduced this as a slab-use-after-free in\nsnd_rawmidi_kernel_write1(), with allocation through\nseq_ump_use()/snd_seq_port_connect() and free through\nseq_ump_unuse()/snd_seq_port_disconnect().\n\n\nValidation reproduced this kernel report:\nKASAN slab-use-after-free in snd_rawmidi_kernel_write1+0x9d/0x400\nRIP: 0033:0x7f5528af837f\nRead of size 8\nCall trace:\n  dump_stack_lvl+0x73/0xb0 (?:?)\n  print_report+0xd1/0x650 (?:?)\n  srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5 (?:?)\n  __virt_addr_valid+0x1a7/0x340 (?:?)\n  kasan_complete_mode_report_info+0x64/0x200 (?:?)\n  kasan_report+0xf7/0x130 (?:?)\n  snd_rawmidi_kernel_write1+0x9d/0x400 (?:?)\n  __asan_load8+0x82/0xb0 (?:?)\n  update_stack_state+0x1ef/0x2d0 (?:?)\n  snd_rawmidi_kernel_write+0x1a/0x20 (?:?)\n  seq_ump_process_event+0xd4/0x120 (sound/core/seq/seq_ump_client.c:82)\n  __snd_seq_deliver_single_event+0x8a/0xe0 (?:?)\n  snd_seq_deliver_from_ump+0x2b2/0xd60 (?:?)\n  lock_acquire+0x14e/0x2e0 (?:?)\n  find_held_lock+0x31/0x90 (?:?)\n  snd_seq_port_use_ptr+0xa6/0xe0 (?:?)\n  __kasan_check_write+0x18/0x20 (?:?)\n  do_raw_read_unlock+0x32/0xa0 (?:?)\n  _raw_read_unlock+0x26/0x50 (?:?)\n  snd_seq_deliver_single_event+0x45c/0x4b0 (?:?)\n  snd_seq_deliver_event+0x10d/0x1b0 (?:?)\n  snd_seq_client_enqueue_event+0x192/0x240 (?:?)\n  snd_seq_write+0x2cd/0x450 (?:?)\n  apparmor_file_permission+0x20/0x30 (?:?)\n  security_file_permission+0x51/0x60 (?:?)\n  vfs_write+0x1ce/0x850 (?:?)\n  __fget_files+0x12b/0x220 (?:?)\n  lock_release+0xc8/0x2a0 (?:?)\n  __rcu_read_unlock+0x74/0x2d0 (?:?)\n  __fget_files+0x135/0x220 (?:?)\n  ksys_write+0x15a/0x180 (?:?)\n  rcu_is_watching+0x24/0x60 (?:?)\n  __x64_sys_write+0x46/0x60 (?:?)\n  x64_sys_call+0x7d/0x20d0 (?:?)\n  do_syscall_64+0xc1/0x360 (arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:87)\n  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f (?:?)"
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires local access via the ALSA sequencer device node (/dev/snd/seq) using write(2) and port-subscription ioctls; there is no network, Bluetooth, or physical-device attack surface on the vulnerable code path.\nAC:L - The race is between concurrent UMP event delivery and the last output-port unsubscribe/close path, and a local attacker can control both sides with parallel threads (flood write() while repeatedly subscribing/unsubscribing to the UMP port).\nPR:L - Any local unprivileged user who can open /dev/snd/seq (typically membership in the audio group on desktop/workstation systems where UMP MIDI hardware is present) can create sequencer clients, subscribe to UMP kernel ports, and trigger the bug without real root or init-namespace capabilities.\nUI:N - Exploitation is fully attacker-driven through sequencer writes and subscription management; no victim interaction such as opening files, mounting filesystems, or plugging in devices is required beyond the UMP endpoint already being present on the system.\nS:U - Impact is confined to kernel memory corruption and potential local privilege escalation within the same kernel security boundary; this is not a VM escape, sandbox escape, or cross-authority boundary bypass.\nC:H - KASAN confirmed a slab use-after-free on freed substream runtime metadata in snd_rawmidi_kernel_write1(); UAF on kernel heap objects enables controlled reallocation and arbitrary kernel memory disclosure primitives.\nI:H - The UAF occurs inside snd_rawmidi_kernel_write1(), which performs memcpy() into runtime-\u003ebuffer using attacker-supplied UMP event payload, providing a plausible path to arbitrary kernel memory corruption and code execution beyond a simple crash.\nA:H - The confirmed KASAN slab-use-after-free in kernel write path causes kernel oops/panic; even without full exploitation, the bug reliably threatens system availability through kernel crash."
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nwifi: iwlwifi: mld: stop TX during firmware restart\n\nWhen iwlwifi firmware crashes (e.g., NMI_INTERRUPT_UNKNOWN on Intel\nBE201/Wi-Fi 7), iwl_mld_nic_error() sets mld-\u003efw_status.in_hw_restart\nto true. However, iwl_mld_tx_from_txq() does not check this flag before\ndequeuing frames from mac80211 and pushing them to the transport layer.\n\nSince the firmware is dead, iwl_trans_tx() returns -EIO for each frame,\nwhich then gets freed immediately. Under high-throughput conditions\n(e.g., Tailscale UDP traffic or active SSH sessions), this creates a\ntight dequeue-send-fail-free loop that wastes CPU cycles and generates\nrapid skb allocation churn, leading to memory pressure from slab\nfragmentation.\n\nThe RX path already has this guard (iwl_mld_rx_mpdu checks\nin_hw_restart at rx.c:1906), and so does the TXQ allocation worker\n(iwl_mld_add_txqs_wk at tx.c:156). Add the same guard to\niwl_mld_tx_from_txq() to stop all TX during firmware restart.\n\nFrames left in mac80211\u0027s TXQs are naturally drained after restart\ncompletes, when queue reallocation triggers iwl_mld_tx_from_txq()\nvia iwl_mld_add_txq_list(), or when new upper-layer traffic invokes\nwake_tx_queue.\n\nTested on ASUS Zenbook 14 UX3405CA with Intel BE201 (Wi-Fi 7) on\nkernel 6.19.5 where the firmware crashes approximately every 10-15\nminutes under Tailscale traffic."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:N - The bug is reached when outbound traffic drives mac80211 TX during firmware restart; a remote attacker can sustain that by sending high-volume packets to the victim over the network, causing responses and continued TX without local access.\nAC:L - An attacker can reliably generate sustained high-throughput traffic that both stresses the iwlwifi MLD firmware and keeps TX queues active during the restart window; on affected Intel Wi-Fi 7 hardware firmware crashes occur frequently under such load.\nPR:N - Exploitation requires only the ability to send network traffic to the victim; no local account, kernel capabilities, or authentication is needed to keep the TX dequeue loop running during firmware restart.\nUI:N - No victim interaction beyond normal network connectivity is required; the attacker can trigger the condition by flooding or sustaining traffic to the target.\nS:U - Impact is confined to kernel/driver resource exhaustion on the affected host and does not cross a security boundary such as VM escape or sandbox breakout.\nC:N - The flaw causes skb allocate/free churn and CPU waste but does not corrupt memory, leak kernel data, or provide an out-of-bounds or use-after-free read primitive.\nI:N - Failed transmits are dropped and freed cleanly; there is no arbitrary write, code execution, or integrity compromise beyond dropped packets during the restart window.\nA:H - The missing guard creates a tight dequeue-send-fail-free loop under high throughput during firmware restart, wasting CPU and causing memory pressure from slab fragmentation that can render the system effectively unavailable."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:39:53.411Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dc31c69476520bb4c2a208211a8d3c310a62c4d0"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/13f1786395dbbf3df73337063c798f1266be6151"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2becb38a3e217ef2b2f42fddd7db7a25905ec291"
        }
      ],
      "title": "wifi: iwlwifi: mld: stop TX during firmware restart",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-64175",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-19T15:41:00.157Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-19T07:54:57.039Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:39:53.411Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}