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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\narm64: probes: Remove broken LDR (literal) uprobe support\n\nThe simulate_ldr_literal() and simulate_ldrsw_literal() functions are\nunsafe to use for uprobes. Both functions were originally written for\nuse with kprobes, and access memory with plain C accesses. When uprobes\nwas added, these were reused unmodified even though they cannot safely\naccess user memory.\n\nThere are three key problems:\n\n1) The plain C accesses do not have corresponding extable entries, and\n   thus if they encounter a fault the kernel will treat these as\n   unintentional accesses to user memory, resulting in a BUG() which\n   will kill the kernel thread, and likely lead to further issues (e.g.\n   lockup or panic()).\n\n2) The plain C accesses are subject to HW PAN and SW PAN, and so when\n   either is in use, any attempt to simulate an access to user memory\n   will fault. Thus neither simulate_ldr_literal() nor\n   simulate_ldrsw_literal() can do anything useful when simulating a\n   user instruction on any system with HW PAN or SW PAN.\n\n3) The plain C accesses are privileged, as they run in kernel context,\n   and in practice can access a small range of kernel virtual addresses.\n   The instructions they simulate have a range of +/-1MiB, and since the\n   simulated instructions must itself be a user instructions in the\n   TTBR0 address range, these can address the final 1MiB of the TTBR1\n   acddress range by wrapping downwards from an address in the first\n   1MiB of the TTBR0 address range.\n\n   In contemporary kernels the last 8MiB of TTBR1 address range is\n   reserved, and accesses to this will always fault, meaning this is no\n   worse than (1).\n\n   Historically, it was theoretically possible for the linear map or\n   vmemmap to spill into the final 8MiB of the TTBR1 address range, but\n   in practice this is extremely unlikely to occur as this would\n   require either:\n\n   * Having enough physical memory to fill the entire linear map all the\n     way to the final 1MiB of the TTBR1 address range.\n\n   * Getting unlucky with KASLR randomization of the linear map such\n     that the populated region happens to overlap with the last 1MiB of\n     the TTBR address range.\n\n   ... and in either case if we were to spill into the final page there\n   would be larger problems as the final page would alias with error\n   pointers.\n\nPractically speaking, (1) and (2) are the big issues. Given there have\nbeen no reports of problems since the broken code was introduced, it\nappears that no-one is relying on probing these instructions with\nuprobes.\n\nAvoid these issues by not allowing uprobes on LDR (literal) and LDRSW\n(literal), limiting the use of simulate_ldr_literal() and\nsimulate_ldrsw_literal() to kprobes. Attempts to place uprobes on LDR\n(literal) and LDRSW (literal) will be rejected as\narm_probe_decode_insn() will return INSN_REJECTED. In future we can\nconsider introducing working uprobes support for these instructions, but\nthis will require more significant work."
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires local access \u2014 registering a uprobe via perf_event_open/tracefs/BPF and executing the probed instruction in a local process. There is no network-reachable path to arch_uprobe_skip_sstep().\nAC:L - With HW PAN (ARMv8.1, present on essentially all modern arm64 CPUs) or SW PAN, every execution of a uprobe placed on LDR/LDRSW (literal) faults deterministically \u2014 no race, no memory-layout luck, no dependence on conditions outside the attacker\u0027s control.\nPR:L - The trigger step (executing the probed instruction, and choosing the low mapping address that makes the load wrap into TTBR1) needs no privileges, and in common tracing/observability deployments an unprivileged user supplies the very binary a privileged agent probes. Only the uprobe registration itself needs CAP_PERFMON, so the lower-privileged actor is the one who deterministically brings the kernel down.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed \u2014 the oops happens automatically the first time the probed instruction is executed, and uprobe attachment by an instrumentation agent is automated policy rather than a human interaction.\nS:U - The fault, oops and disclosure are all confined to the kernel\u0027s own security authority; no VM, IOMMU or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The commit documents that the privileged plain-C load can address the final 1MiB of the TTBR1 kernel range by wrapping from a low TTBR0 address, depositing kernel memory contents directly into a user register \u2014 an attacker-steerable out-of-bounds kernel read far larger than a few bytes, and on older affected trees (4.19/5.4/5.10) it could reach the linear map.\nI:L - The simulation writes the kernel-sourced value into the traced process\u0027s general-purpose register, altering that process\u0027s data and control flow with data the attacker does not choose; no kernel memory is written, so the modification is bounded.\nA:H - The faulting access reaches die_kernel_fault() \u2192 die(\"Oops\") \u2192 make_task_dead(SIGKILL), killing the thread from kernel context and triggering a full panic under panic_on_oops; the commit itself warns of resulting lockup or panic, and the condition is repeatable at will."
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              "value": "AV:L - The attacker must execute code on the host machine, specifically CPL0 inside an L1 guest, issuing VMRUN with an attacker-chosen nCR3; there is no network protocol involved. Guest-to-host attacks against KVM are scored as local access to the host.\nAC:L - Every precondition is under the attacker\u0027s control \u2014 L1 chooses 32-bit PAE mode, sets the NPT enable bit, and sets nCR3[4:0]; nested SVM and NPT are enabled by default in kvm_amd, and nCR3 receives no alignment validation, so the out-of-bounds read triggers deterministically on the first VMRUN. The guest knows its own e820 map and can aim at a memslot-terminating gfn and retry against every memslot boundary.\nPR:L - The attacker needs kernel-level (CPL0) control of a guest VM whose CPUID exposes SVM \u2014 i.e. an ordinary tenant VM on a nested-virtualization-enabled AMD host, which is a low privilege level relative to the host kernel being attacked. No host-side root or /dev/kvm privileges beyond running one\u0027s own VM are required.\nUI:N - Exploitation is entirely driven by instructions the attacker executes in its own guest; no host administrator or other user needs to take any action.\nS:C - The vulnerable component is KVM in the host kernel, but the impacted resource is host VMM process memory lying outside the guest\u0027s memslot, so the attack crosses the guest/host security boundary. This is the classic KVM guest-to-host scope change.\nC:H - Up to 31 bytes past the end of every memslot in the host VMM\u0027s address space can be read, and the value is recoverable by the guest through the shadow-NPT root oracle in mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(), disclosing host heap contents and pointers that defeat host ASLR. It is repeatable at each memslot boundary, so it is not strictly bounded to a few bytes at one fixed location.\nI:N - The defect is purely a read; the resulting PDPTE only influences translations that remain gated by kvm_vcpu_is_visible_gfn() and normal memslot lookup, and any accessed/dirty writes land in the attacker\u0027s own L1 memory. No host memory is corrupted and no control-flow primitive is produced.\nA:H - In affected v6.12-rc1..rc4 kernels the same guest-controlled offset trips the WARN_ON_ONCE(offset + len \u003e PAGE_SIZE) hardening check in __kvm_read_guest_page(), giving a guest-triggerable host kernel WARN that panics the entire host \u2014 and all co-resident VMs \u2014 on the widely used panic_on_warn=1 configuration."
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      "title": "Bluetooth: ISO: Fix UAF on iso_sock_timeout",
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