Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-116

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.

CVE-2026-33301 (GCVE-0-2026-33301)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-19 20:10 – Updated: 2026-03-24 19:47
VLAI
Title
OpenEMR has arbitrary image file read via PDF generator
Summary
OpenEMR is a free and open source electronic health records and medical practice management application. Prior to 8.0.0.2, users with the `Notes - my encounters` role can fill Eye Exam forms in patient encounters. The answers to the form can be printed out in PDF form. An arbitrary file read vulnerability was identified in the PDF creation function where the form answers are parsed as unescaped HTML, allowing an attacker to include arbitrary image files from the server in the generated PDF. Version 8.0.0.2 fixes the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
openemr openemr Affected: < 8.0.0.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-33436 (GCVE-0-2026-33436)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-17 20:29 – Updated: 2026-04-20 16:20
VLAI
Title
Stirling-PDF: Reflected XSS through crafted filename in file upload functionality
Summary
Stirling-PDF is a locally hosted web application that facilitates various operations on PDF files. In versions prior to 2.0.0, file upload endpoints render user-supplied filenames directly into HTML using unsafe methods like innerHTML without sanitization. An attacker can craft a file with a malicious filename containing JavaScript that executes in the uploading user's browser context, resulting in reflected XSS. The issue affects numerous upload endpoints across the application. The issue has been fixed in version 2.0.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-33628 (GCVE-0-2026-33628)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-26 20:48 – Updated: 2026-03-27 13:55
VLAI
Title
Invoice Ninja Denylist Bypass may Lead to Stored XSS via Invoice Line Items
Summary
Invoice Ninja is a source-available invoice, quote, project and time-tracking app built with Laravel. Invoice line item descriptions in Invoice Ninja v5.13.0 bypass the XSS denylist filter, allowing stored XSS payloads to execute when invoices are rendered in the PDF preview or client portal. The line item description field was not passed through `purify::clean()` before rendering. This is fixed in v5.13.4 by the vendor by adding `purify::clean()` to sanitize line item descriptions.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
  • CWE-184 - Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
invoiceninja invoiceninja Affected: < 5.13.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-33657 (GCVE-0-2026-33657)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-13 19:41 – Updated: 2026-04-13 20:48
VLAI
Title
EspoCRM: Stored HTML injection in email notifications about stream notes via unescaped post field
Summary
EspoCRM is an open source customer relationship management application. Versions 9.3.3 and below have a stored HTML injection vulnerability that allows any authenticated user with standard (non-administrative) privileges to inject arbitrary HTML into system-generated email notifications by crafting malicious content in the post field of stream activity notes. The vulnerability exists because server-side Handlebars templates render the post field using unescaped triple-brace syntax, the Markdown processor preserves inline HTML by default, and the rendering pipeline explicitly skips sanitization for fields present in additionalData, creating a path where attacker-controlled HTML is accepted, stored, and rendered directly into emails without any escaping. Since the emails are sent using the system's configured SMTP identity (such as an administrative sender address), the injected content appears fully trusted to recipients, enabling phishing attacks, user tracking via embedded resources like image beacons, and UI manipulation within email content. The @mention feature further increases the impact by allowing targeted delivery of malicious emails to specific users. This issue has been fixed in version 9.3.4.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-80 - Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
espocrm espocrm Affected: < 9.3.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-33758 (GCVE-0-2026-33758)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 14:12 – Updated: 2026-03-27 19:58
VLAI
Title
OpenBao has Reflected XSS in its OIDC authentication error message
Summary
OpenBao is an open source identity-based secrets management system. Prior to version 2.5.2, OpenBao installations that have an OIDC/JWT authentication method enabled and a role with `callback_mode=direct` configured are vulnerable to XSS via the `error_description` parameter on the page for a failed authentication. This allows an attacker access to the token used in the Web UI by a victim. The `error_description` parameter has been replaced with a static error message in v2.5.2. The vulnerability can be mitigated by removing any roles with `callback_mode` set to `direct`.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
openbao openbao Affected: < 2.5.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-33941 (GCVE-0-2026-33941)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 21:13 – Updated: 2026-04-01 03:55
VLAI
Title
Handlebars.js has JavaScript Injection in CLI Precompiler via Unescaped Names and Options
Summary
Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, the Handlebars CLI precompiler (`bin/handlebars` / `lib/precompiler.js`) concatenates user-controlled strings — template file names and several CLI options — directly into the JavaScript it emits, without any escaping or sanitization. An attacker who can influence template filenames or CLI arguments can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes when the generated bundle is loaded in Node.js or a browser. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. First, validate all CLI inputs before invoking the precompiler. Reject filenames and option values that contain characters with JavaScript string-escaping significance (`"`, `'`, `;`, etc.). Second, use a fixed, trusted namespace string passed via a configuration file rather than command-line arguments in automated pipelines. Third, run the precompiler in a sandboxed environment (container with no write access to sensitive paths) to limit the impact of successful exploitation. Fourth, audit template filenames in any repository or package that is consumed by an automated build pipeline.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
handlebars-lang handlebars.js Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.7.9
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-34246 (GCVE-0-2026-34246)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-19 21:18 – Updated: 2026-05-20 17:21
VLAI
Title
CtrlPanel: Stored XSS in Admin Role Management via Unescaped DataTable HTML Output
Summary
CtrlPanel is open-source billing software for hosting providers. Versions 1.1.1 and prior contain a Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the admin role management interface. In app/Http/Controllers/Admin/RoleController.php, the datatable() method interpolates $role->name and $role->color directly into a <span> element's HTML and style attribute without sanitization, and the chained .rawColumns(['actions', 'name']) call instructs DataTables to render the name column as raw HTML, bypassing automatic output escaping. An admin with role creation or edit permissions can inject a payload such as <img src=x onerror="alert('XSS_POC')"> into the name or color fields, which is persisted to the database and executes in the browser of every admin who loads the /admin/roles page. This enables session hijacking via cookie theft, credential harvesting through fake login prompts or keyloggers, lateral privilege escalation by performing admin actions on behalf of victims, and a persistent backdoor that re-executes on every page load until the malicious role record is removed. This issue has been resolved in version 1.2.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-80 - Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Ctrlpanel-gg panel Affected: < 1.2.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-34479 (GCVE-0-2026-34479)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-10 15:41 – Updated: 2026-04-10 17:47
VLAI
Title
Apache Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 bridge: Silent log event loss in Log4j1XmlLayout due to unescaped XML 1.0 forbidden characters
Summary
The Log4j1XmlLayout from the Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge fails to escape characters forbidden by the XML 1.0 standard, producing malformed XML output. Conforming XML parsers are required to reject documents containing such characters with a fatal error, which may cause downstream log processing systems to drop or fail to index affected records. Two groups of users are affected: * Those using Log4j1XmlLayout directly in a Log4j Core 2 configuration file. * Those using the Log4j 1 configuration compatibility layer with org.apache.log4j.xml.XMLLayout specified as the layout class. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge version 2.25.4, which corrects this issue. Note: The Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge is deprecated and will not be present in Log4j 3. Users are encouraged to consult the Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 migration guide https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/migrate-from-log4j1.html , and specifically the section on eliminating reliance on the bridge.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 bridge Affected: 2.7 , < 2.25.4 (maven)
Affected: 3.0.0-alpha1 , ≤ 3.0.0-beta2 (maven)
    cpe:2.3:a:apache:log4j_1_2_api:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Ap4sh (Samy Medjahed) and Ethicxz (Eliott Laurie) (original reporters) jabaltarik1 (independently)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-34480 (GCVE-0-2026-34480)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-10 15:42 – Updated: 2026-04-10 17:45
VLAI
Title
Apache Log4j Core: Silent log event loss in XmlLayout due to unescaped XML 1.0 forbidden characters
Summary
Apache Log4j Core's XmlLayout https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/manual/layouts.html#XmlLayout , in versions up to and including 2.25.3, fails to sanitize characters forbidden by the XML 1.0 specification https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#charsets producing invalid XML output whenever a log message or MDC value contains such characters. The impact depends on the StAX implementation in use: * JRE built-in StAX: Forbidden characters are silently written to the output, producing malformed XML. Conforming parsers must reject such documents with a fatal error, which may cause downstream log-processing systems to drop the affected records. * Alternative StAX implementations (e.g., Woodstox https://github.com/FasterXML/woodstox , a transitive dependency of the Jackson XML Dataformat module): An exception is thrown during the logging call, and the log event is never delivered to its intended appender, only to Log4j's internal status logger. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j Core 2.25.4, which corrects this issue by sanitizing forbidden characters before XML output.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Log4j Core Affected: 2.0-alpha1 , < 2.25.4 (maven)
Affected: 3.0.0-alpha1 , ≤ 3.0.0-beta3 (maven)
    cpe:2.3:a:apache:log4j:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Ap4sh (Samy Medjahed) and Ethicxz (Eliott Laurie) (original reporters) jabaltarik1 (independently)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-34481 (GCVE-0-2026-34481)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-10 15:43 – Updated: 2026-04-10 17:41
VLAI
Title
Apache Log4j JSON Template Layout: Improper serialization of non-finite floating-point values in JsonTemplateLayout
Summary
Apache Log4j's JsonTemplateLayout https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/manual/json-template-layout.html , in versions up to and including 2.25.3, produces invalid JSON output when log events contain non-finite floating-point values (NaN, Infinity, or -Infinity), which are prohibited by RFC 8259. This may cause downstream log processing systems to reject or fail to index affected records. An attacker can exploit this issue only if both of the following conditions are met: * The application uses JsonTemplateLayout. * The application logs a MapMessage containing an attacker-controlled floating-point value. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j JSON Template Layout 2.25.4, which corrects this issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Log4j JSON Template Layout Affected: 2.14.0 , < 2.25.4 (maven)
Affected: 3.0.0-alpha1 , ≤ 3.0.0-beta3 (maven)
    cpe:2.3:a:apache:log4j_layout_template_json:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Ap4sh (Samy Medjahed) and Ethicxz (Eliott Laurie)
Show details on NVD website

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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eApache Log4j\u0027s \u003ccode\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/manual/json-template-layout.html\"\u003eJsonTemplateLayout\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/code\u003e, in versions up to and including 2.25.3, produces invalid JSON output when log events contain non-finite floating-point values (\u003ccode\u003eNaN\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eInfinity\u003c/code\u003e, or \u003ccode\u003e-Infinity\u003c/code\u003e), which are prohibited by RFC 8259. This may cause downstream log processing systems to reject or fail to index affected records.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn attacker can exploit this issue only if both of the following conditions are met:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe application uses \u003ccode\u003eJsonTemplateLayout\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe application logs a \u003ccode\u003eMapMessage\u003c/code\u003e containing an attacker-controlled floating-point value.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsers are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j JSON Template Layout 2.25.4, which corrects this issue.\u003c/p\u003e"
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Mitigation ID: MIT-4.3

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Description:

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
  • Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

Description:

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation

Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation

Description:

  • Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

  • In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

  • Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation

Phase: Requirements

Description:

  • Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation

Phase: Implementation

Description:

  • When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename

An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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