CWE-116
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
CVE-2021-47694 (GCVE-0-2021-47694)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-10-30 21:32
Modified
2025-10-31 15:02
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
Summary
The Core Config Manager (CCM) in Nagios XI versions prior to CCM 3.1.4 / Nagios XI 5.8.6 contains a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability via the Test Command functionality. Insufficient validation or escaping of user-supplied input may allow an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary script in the context of a victim's browser.
References
| URL | Tags | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||
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CVE-2024-1874 (GCVE-0-2024-1874)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2024-04-29 03:57
Modified
2025-11-04 18:22
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
In PHP versions 8.1.* before 8.1.28, 8.2.* before 8.2.18, 8.3.* before 8.3.5, when using proc_open() command with array syntax, due to insufficient escaping, if the arguments of the executed command are controlled by a malicious user, the user can supply arguments that would execute arbitrary commands in Windows shell.
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-38177 (GCVE-0-2024-38177)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2024-08-13 17:30
Modified
2025-07-10 16:33
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
Windows App Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
References
| URL | Tags | |
|---|---|---|
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | App Installer |
Version: 1.0.0.0 < 1.22.11261.0 |
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CVE-2024-38475 (GCVE-0-2024-38475)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2024-07-01 18:15
Modified
2025-11-03 21:55
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
Improper escaping of output in mod_rewrite in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.59 and earlier allows an attacker to map URLs to filesystem locations that are permitted to be served by the server but are not intentionally/directly reachable by any URL, resulting in code execution or source code disclosure.
Substitutions in server context that use a backreferences or variables as the first segment of the substitution are affected. Some unsafe RewiteRules will be broken by this change and the rewrite flag "UnsafePrefixStat" can be used to opt back in once ensuring the substitution is appropriately constrained.
References
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache HTTP Server |
Version: 2.4.0 ≤ 2.4.59 |
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CVE-2024-50349 (GCVE-0-2024-50349)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-01-14 18:43
Modified
2025-11-03 20:45
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
Summary
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. When Git asks for credentials via a terminal prompt (i.e. without using any credential helper), it prints out the host name for which the user is expected to provide a username and/or a password. At this stage, any URL-encoded parts have been decoded already, and are printed verbatim. This allows attackers to craft URLs that contain ANSI escape sequences that the terminal interpret to confuse users e.g. into providing passwords for trusted Git hosting sites when in fact they are then sent to untrusted sites that are under the attacker's control. This issue has been patch via commits `7725b81` and `c903985` which are included in release versions v2.48.1, v2.47.2, v2.46.3, v2.45.3, v2.44.3, v2.43.6, v2.42.4, v2.41.3, and v2.40.4. Users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade should avoid cloning from untrusted URLs, especially recursive clones.
References
| URL | Tags | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-52006 (GCVE-0-2024-52006)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-01-14 18:39
Modified
2025-11-03 20:45
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
Summary
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. Git defines a line-based protocol that is used to exchange information between Git and Git credential helpers. Some ecosystems (most notably, .NET and node.js) interpret single Carriage Return characters as newlines, which renders the protections against CVE-2020-5260 incomplete for credential helpers that treat Carriage Returns in this way. This issue has been addressed in commit `b01b9b8` which is included in release versions v2.48.1, v2.47.2, v2.46.3, v2.45.3, v2.44.3, v2.43.6, v2.42.4, v2.41.3, and v2.40.4. Users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade should avoid cloning from untrusted URLs, especially recursive clones.
References
| URL | Tags | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-58266 (GCVE-0-2024-58266)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-07-27 00:00
Modified
2025-07-28 15:03
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
The shlex crate before 1.2.1 for Rust allows unquoted and unescaped instances of the { and \xa0 characters, which may facilitate command injection.
References
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CVE-2024-9427 (GCVE-0-2024-9427)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2024-12-24 03:25
Modified
2025-08-30 21:00
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
A vulnerability in Koji was found. An unsanitized input allows for an XSS attack. Javascript code from a malicious link could be reflected in the resulting web page. It is not expected to be able to submit an action or make a change in Koji due to existing XSS protections in the code
References
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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CVE-2025-0607 (GCVE-0-2025-0607)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-10-06 09:14
Modified
2025-10-06 14:53
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Logo Software Inc. Logo Cloud allows Phishing.This issue affects Logo Cloud: before 2.57.
References
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logo Software Inc. | Logo Cloud |
Version: 0 < 2.57 |
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CVE-2025-25029 (GCVE-0-2025-25029)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-05-28 01:12
Modified
2025-08-28 14:11
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Summary
IBM Security Guardium 12.0 could allow a privileged user to download any file on the system due to improper escaping of input.
References
| URL | Tags | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Security Guardium |
Version: 12.0 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_guardium:12.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation ID: MIT-4.3
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation
Description:
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Phase: Requirements
Description:
- Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.