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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-94

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.

8979 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-54656 (GCVE-0-2026-54656)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 21:43 – Updated: 2026-07-29 14:12
VLAI
Title
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code execution on import via unescaped `validators` entries in --extra-template-data
Summary
datamodel-code-generator generates Pydantic v2 models, dataclasses, TypedDict, and msgspec.Struct from OpenAPI, JSON Schema, GraphQL, Avro, Protobuf, and raw JSON, YAML, or CSV. From 0.52.1 until 0.60.2, datamodel-code-generator interpolates validators from --extra-template-data in src/datamodel_code_generator/model/pydantic_v2/base_model.py through _process_validators into @field_validator decorators without safe validation, allowing Python code execution when the generated Pydantic v2 model is imported. This issue is fixed in version 0.60.2.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 14:12 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
koxudaxi datamodel-code-generator Affected: >= 0.52.1, < 0.60.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54655 (GCVE-0-2026-54655)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 21:33 – Updated: 2026-07-29 12:47
VLAI
Title
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code execution on import via `x-python-type` JSON-Schema extension in datamodel-code-generator
Summary
datamodel-code-generator generates Python data models from schema definitions. From 0.51.0 until 0.60.2, x-python-type values parsed by src/datamodel_code_generator/parser/jsonschema.py in _get_python_type_override are inserted into generated field annotations without sufficient validation, allowing attacker-controlled JSON Schema content to execute Python code when the generated module is imported. This issue is fixed in version 0.60.2.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 12:46 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
koxudaxi datamodel-code-generator Affected: >= 0.51.0, < 0.60.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54654 (GCVE-0-2026-54654)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 21:22 – Updated: 2026-07-29 15:24
VLAI
Title
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code injection via unescaped carriage return in `--extra-template-data` `comment` field
Summary
datamodel-code-generator generates Python data models from schema definitions. From 0.14.1 until 0.60.2, the --extra-template-data comment field is rendered into Python comments in src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/TypeAliasAnnotation.jinja2, src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/TypedDict.jinja2, src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/dataclass.jinja2, src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/msgspec.Struct.jinja2, src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/pydantic/BaseModel.jinja2, and src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/pydantic_v2/BaseModel.jinja2 without neutralizing carriage returns in Python # comments, allowing an attacker-controlled comment value to inject Python code into generated models that runs when imported. This issue is fixed in version 0.60.2.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 14:33 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
koxudaxi datamodel-code-generator Affected: >= 0.14.1, < 0.60.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54653 (GCVE-0-2026-54653)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 21:48 – Updated: 2026-07-29 13:27
VLAI
Title
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code injection in via attacker-controlled `default_factory` schema field
Summary
datamodel-code-generator generates Pydantic v2 models, dataclasses, TypedDict, and msgspec.Struct from OpenAPI, JSON Schema, GraphQL, Avro, Protobuf, and raw JSON, YAML, or CSV. From 0.17.0 until 0.60.2, datamodel-code-generator preserves attacker-controlled default_factory values in src/datamodel_code_generator/parser/jsonschema.py through JsonSchemaObject.init and get_field_extras and emits them into Field(default_factory=...) or field(default_factory=...), allowing Python expression execution when the generated model is imported. This issue is fixed in version 0.60.2.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 13:26 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
koxudaxi datamodel-code-generator Affected: >= 0.17.0, < 0.60.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54621 (GCVE-0-2026-54621)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 21:35 – Updated: 2026-07-29 12:34
VLAI
Title
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code injection via unescaped carriage return in GraphQL Union description
Summary
datamodel-code-generator generates Python data models from schema definitions. Prior to 0.60.1, GraphQL Union description values in src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/UnionTypeStatement.jinja2 and src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/UnionTypeStatement.py312.jinja2 are rendered into Python comments without neutralizing carriage returns in Python # comments, allowing attacker-controlled GraphQL schema content to inject Python code into generated models that runs when imported. This issue is fixed in version 0.60.1.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 12:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
koxudaxi datamodel-code-generator Affected: >= 0.25.0, < 0.60.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-54611 (GCVE-0-2026-54611)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 17:16 – Updated: 2026-09-09 17:39
VLAI
Title
InstantCMS has Remote Code Execution in package installer
Summary
InstantCMS is a free and open source content management system. Versions prior to 2.18.2 have a Remote Code Execution (RCE) issue that allows remote authenticated attackers to execute any PHP code via the component installer. It is possible to upload a malicious component into the server, however, it won't be installed, but upload files will be executed. Normally all php files in upload folder are not executed, however, by uploading custom .htaccess it becomes possible. Version 2.18.2 contains a fix.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 17:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
instantsoft icms2 Affected: < 2.18.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-54271 (GCVE-0-2026-54271)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 16:16 – Updated: 2026-06-23 13:49
VLAI
Title
protobufjs-cli: Code injection in pbjs static output from crafted JSON descriptor names
Summary
protobufjs-cli is the command line add-on for protobuf.js. Prior to 1.3.2 and 2.5.0, a previous fix for unsafe name handling in pbjs static / static-module code generation was incomplete. Affected versions of protobufjs-cli could still emit unsafe JavaScript references when generating static output from crafted JSON descriptor input. The common case of parsing schemas from .proto files is not affected. This is a bypass of CVE-2026-44295. An attacker who can provide or influence pre-parsed JSON descriptors passed to pbjs static code generation may be able to cause generated JavaScript output to contain attacker-controlled code. The injected code may execute if the generated file is later executed or imported and an affected generated API path is invoked. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.3.2 and 2.5.0.
Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 13:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
protobufjs protobufjs-cli Affected: < 1.3.2
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.4.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-54133 (GCVE-0-2026-54133)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 13:56 – Updated: 2026-06-12 15:07
VLAI
Title
jmespath.php has CompilerRuntime code injection via unescaped function names
Summary
jmespath.php allows users to use JMESPath, software for declaratively specifying how to extract elements from a JSON document, in PHP applications with PHP data structures. Versions prior to 2.9.1 can generate and execute attacker-controlled PHP code when `JmesPath\CompilerRuntime` is used with an attacker-controlled JMESPath expression. The compiler emits parsed JMESPath function names into generated PHP source without sufficient escaping. A crafted expression can cause the generated cache file to contain executable attacker-controlled PHP, which is then loaded by the compiler runtime. The issue is patched in `2.9.1` and later. As a workaround, disable `JP_PHP_COMPILE` and do not use `JmesPath\CompilerRuntime` with attacker-controlled expressions. Use the default `AstRuntime` for untrusted expressions. Applications that must continue accepting untrusted JMESPath expressions before upgrading should ensure those expressions are never evaluated by the compiler runtime.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 15:07 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jmespath jmespath.php Affected: < 2.9.1
Create a notification for this product.
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CVE-2026-54074 (GCVE-0-2026-54074)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 20:47 – Updated: 2026-07-02 15:35
VLAI
Title
@tinacms/cli: Remote Code Execution via Forestry migration — unsanitised __TINA_INTERNAL__ marker in user-controlled YAML labels
Summary
Tina is a headless content management system. @tinacms/cli versions prior to 2.4.3 contain a Remote Code Execution vulnerability in the Forestry-to-Tina migration command. The internal helper addVariablesToCode unquotes any value matching the marker "__TINA_INTERNAL__:::(.*?):::" inside the stringified collection JSON. User-supplied label and name fields from .forestry/**/*.yml are placed into that JSON without any sanitisation. An attacker who controls a Forestry-style project can therefore inject arbitrary JavaScript into the generated tina/templates.{ts,js} file. The injected code is written at module top level, so it executes the moment the developer runs tinacms dev or tinacms build, with the developer's privileges. This issue has been fixed in version 2.4.3.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-02 15:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tinacms tinacms Affected: < 2.4.3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54057 (GCVE-0-2026-54057)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 20:07 – Updated: 2026-06-16 03:55
VLAI
Title
Kitty vulnerable to command injection via unsanitized OSC 21 query reply
Summary
Kitty is a cross-platform GPU based terminal. In versions prior to 0.47.3, kitty's OSC 21 (color-control) query reply reflects attacker-controlled bytes, including newlines, into the shell's input without sanitization. Version 0.47.3 fixes the issue.
Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-15 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
kovidgoyal kitty Affected: < 0.47.3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
  • Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing

Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-242: Code Injection

An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

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