Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
721 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-88921 (GCVE-0-2026-88921)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:41 – Updated: 2026-09-10 17:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP: Unescaped HTML Injection in PDF Report Element Rendering
Summary
MISP contains an HTML injection vulnerability in the MISPElementHTMLFormatterTool component, which is responsible for rendering MISP element references (attributes, objects, and tags) into inline HTML during PDF report export via the convert_markdown_to_pdf module. The attribute(), objectAttribute(), object(), and tag() methods interpolated user-controlled fields (attribute type, attribute value, object name, object relation, tag name, tag colour, and tag text colour) directly into HTML templates without applying HTML entity encoding. An authenticated user with the ability to create or modify MISP attributes, objects, or tags could embed arbitrary HTML markup in these fields. When a report containing such elements was exported to PDF, the unescaped content was rendered as live HTML rather than inert text, potentially injecting script tags, breaking the document structure, or altering the visual content of the exported report. Additionally, the attribute() method contained a template with hardcoded sample values ("domain-ip" and "google.com") instead of format placeholders, meaning every plain attribute reference in a PDF displayed the sample text rather than the actual indicator value, constituting a data-integrity defect in the exported document. The vulnerability requires an authenticated actor with write access to MISP elements and a subsequent PDF export of a report referencing those elements. The security impact is primarily to the integrity of the exported document and, depending on the HTML-to-PDF rendering engine, potential execution of injected markup during the conversion step.
Version affected: ≤2.5.45
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 17:01 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/949744a4b | patch |
Impacted products
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Not human-reviewed
Draft
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
AI involvement
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
Patch provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
This metadata was derived automatically from a patch and is still a draft: human review is required before it can be considered authoritative.
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-10 13:06 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/949744a4b.patch
300efd40407c… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
949744a4b6de
|
fix: [event-report] Render and escape MISP element references | 300efd40407c… |
Fix summary
The fix applies HTML entity encoding (via the h() helper, which wraps htmlspecialchars with ENT_QUOTES and UTF-8) to every user-controlled value interpolated into the HTML templates in the MISPElementHTMLFormatterTool. This ensures that attribute types, values, object names, relations, tag names, and colour values are treated as inert data and cannot inject markup or break out of the surrounding span/style context. The hardcoded sample values in the attribute() template are replaced with proper %s format placeholders so that the actual element data is rendered. Comprehensive unit tests are added to verify both correct rendering and escaping of hostile inputs across all four formatter methods.
Patch summary
In MISPElementHTMLFormatterTool.php: (1) the attribute() template's hardcoded 'domain-ip' and 'google.com' strings are replaced with %s placeholders; (2) all sprintf arguments in attribute(), objectAttribute(), object(), and tag() are wrapped with h() to HTML-encode the interpolated values (attribute type, value, object name, object_relation, tag name, colour, text_colour). A new test file MISPElementHTMLFormatterToolTest.php is added with 123 lines of PHPUnit tests covering: correct rendering of real values, HTML escaping of hostile payloads (script tags, span-breaking sequences, CSS attribute breakout via quotes), foreign-tag detection, and placeholder behaviour for objects without attributes.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: MISP is a network-accessible web application. AC:L: The attacker only needs to create or modify a MISP element with a crafted value; no race conditions or special timing are required. AT:N: No manipulation of the attack target is needed. PR:L: The attacker requires an authenticated account with permission to create or modify MISP attributes, objects, or tags. UI:N: The victim performs a normal, expected action (exporting a report to PDF); no unusual interaction is required to trigger the rendering of the injected content. VC:N: The primary impact is on the output document, not on reading confidential system data. VI:L: The integrity of the exported PDF is compromised by injected markup or incorrect data (hardcoded sample values). VA:N: No denial-of-service impact is evident. SC:N: No confirmed cross-system confidentiality impact. SI:L: The integrity of the exported document (a secondary asset) is affected; injected content could mislead readers or, if the PDF renderer executes scripts, affect the rendering environment. SA:N: No security-relevant impact on other systems is established by the evidence.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 User-controlled MISP element values (attribute values, object names, tag names, tag colours) are interpolated into HTML output without encoding, allowing injection of arbitrary HTML markup into the rendered document. Although the output target is a PDF rather than a browser page, the mechanism is identical to stored XSS: untrusted data is embedded in an HTML context without neutralization.
- CWE-116 The root cause is the absence of output encoding (htmlspecialchars) on all interpolated values in the HTML template strings. The tag() method additionally failed to escape colour values that are placed inside a CSS style attribute, enabling attribute-breakout injection.
Assumptions to verify
- The HTML-to-PDF rendering pipeline (convert_markdown_to_pdf) is assumed to render the generated HTML in a context where injected markup could be interpreted (e.g., headless browser or HTML-aware converter); if a purely static renderer is used, the impact is limited to document corruption.
- The attacker is assumed to have an authenticated MISP account with write access to attributes, objects, or tags; the specific role or permission level required is not stated in the patch.
- The exact fixed version is not specified in the patch metadata; the tag boundary (v2.5.46, 187 commits before the fix) indicates the fix post-dates v2.5.46 but the precise release is unknown.
- UI:N is assigned on the assumption that triggering the PDF export is a normal, expected user action and does not constitute a special interaction requirement beyond routine use of the application.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
6 | 9 | medium | 4 |
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CVE-2026-88060 (GCVE-0-2026-88060)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 19:04 – Updated: 2026-09-10 19:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Angular: SSR XSS via Unescaped <template> Content Across DocumentFragment Boundaries in Fallback Raw-Content Elements
Summary
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 20.3.30, 21.2.22, and 22.1.4, Angular server-side rendering (SSR) in @angular/platform-server serializes untrusted input inside template content nested in fallback raw-content elements such as noscript, iframe, noembed, and noframes. The Domino serializer's fallbackRawContentTags traversal stopped at the DocumentFragment used by template.content, so matching closing tags in xmp, style, script, comments, or text nodes were not escaped. Standard interpolation with comments or text nodes is reachable without relaxed schemas; literal xmp or style requires CUSTOM_ELEMENTS_SCHEMA or NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA, while Renderer2 imperative DOM construction is unconditionally affected. When HTML5 RAWTEXT browser parsing encounters the unescaped closing tag, it exits the fallback container and interprets trailing markup as active DOM elements, enabling arbitrary JavaScript execution. This issue is fixed in versions 20.3.30, 21.2.22, and 22.1.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 19:19 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/73d8bbd… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/89b2056… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/ba3bc47… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/domino/commit/04f987dc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v22.1.4 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-88058 (GCVE-0-2026-88058)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 18:56 – Updated: 2026-09-11 15:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Angular: SSR XSS via Unescaped Processing Instruction (<?...?>) Nodes in Fallback Raw-Content Elements
Summary
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 20.3.30, 21.2.22, and 22.1.4, Angular server-side rendering (SSR) in @angular/platform-server serializes ProcessingInstruction DOM nodes inside fallback raw-content elements without escaping matching ancestor closing tags. ProcessingInstruction data escaped greater-than characters but left less-than characters untouched and did not inspect fallback ancestors, so data such as a matching closing tag prematurely terminates noscript, iframe, noembed, or noframes containers. The vulnerable nodes cannot be authored through standard Angular templates; reachability requires application or library code using inject(DOCUMENT).createProcessingInstruction with attacker-controlled data or Renderer2 DOM insertion inside a fallback container. In HTML5 RAWTEXT parsing, the premature close causes subsequent sibling elements to be interpreted as live HTML and enables arbitrary JavaScript execution in a victim's browser. This issue is fixed in versions 20.3.30, 21.2.22, and 22.1.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-11 15:14 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
9 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/70146 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/73d8bbd… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/89b2056… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/ba3bc47… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/domino/commit/04f987dc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v22.1.4 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-84292 (GCVE-0-2026-84292)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-02 20:09 – Updated: 2026-09-03 13:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-uri vulnerable to authority injection via an unvalidated port in serialize
Summary
fast-uri serializes the port component of a URI without validating it. When recomposing the authority, the userinfo and host components are escaped but the port is concatenated verbatim, so a port value that is not a sequence of digits can inject authority delimiters, demoting the intended host to userinfo and pointing the authority at an attacker-controlled host. Both fast-uri and Node's URL read the result back as the attacker's host with no error, so re-validating the built URI does not catch it. This affects applications that build URIs from parts and assign untrusted data to the port component through the serialize, normalize, or equal functions in their object forms. The issue affects fast-uri versions before 2.4.6, from 3.0.0 before 3.1.7, and from 4.0.0 before 4.1.4. It is fixed in 2.4.6, 3.1.7, and 4.1.4, where recomposeAuthority rejects any port that is not a digit sequence per RFC 3986.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-03 13:16 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-83610 (GCVE-0-2026-83610)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 14:31 – Updated: 2026-09-03 16:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
xmldom: XML fragment injection via invalid EntityReference.nodeName during requireWellFormed serialization
Summary
xmldom is a pure JavaScript W3C standard-based (XML DOM Level 2 Core) DOMParser and XMLSerializer module. Prior to @xmldom/xmldom versions 0.8.15 and 0.9.12, and in xmldom version 0.6.0 and earlier, Document.createEntityReference(name) accepts an invalid name and the ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE serializer emits the resulting nodeName directly in &name; form. Directly serializing the node or fragment with XMLSerializer.serializeToString() and requireWellFormed: true can therefore break the entity-reference boundary and produce attacker-controlled XML markup when reparsed. The parser does not ordinarily create these nodes, and element-child insertion is rejected, so exploitation requires an application to create and directly serialize an EntityReference. This issue is fixed in @xmldom/xmldom versions 0.8.15 and 0.9.12; no fixed version is available for xmldom.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-03 15:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/pull/1071 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/pull/1072 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/commit/4664386e4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/commit/6c3fb5ffe… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/releases/tag/0.8.15 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xmldom/xmldom/releases/tag/0.9.12 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-82958 (GCVE-0-2026-82958)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-02 10:12 – Updated: 2026-09-02 12:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
In Eclipse Ditto versions [1.3.0, 3.9.6], the ImplicitThingCreationMessageMapper of the connectivity service builds a CreateThing command by substituting placeholder values (e.g. {{ header:device_id }}) resolved from inbound message headers into a pre-configured JSON "thing" template as raw, un-escaped strings, and then parses the resulting string as JSON. Because the placeholder engine performs no JSON escaping and is unaware of the surrounding JSON string context, a resolved value containing a double-quote character can break out of its string and inject additional JSON structure.
When a connection is configured to use this mapper with a template that reflects a header whose value a publishing device can control (for example an MQTT 5 user property, an AMQP 1.0 application property, or a Kafka record header), an attacker able to publish on that connection can inject an inline _policy object. The inline policy overrides the administrator-configured policyId, letting the attacker assign an arbitrary access-control policy to the newly created digital twin — gaining full read/write access to it and potentially revoking the legitimate owner's access, with no administrator interaction.
Exploitation requires all of the following: the connection uses the (non-default) ImplicitThingCreation mapper; its template reflects an attacker-controllable header; and, for the policy-override impact, the connection's authorization subjects are permitted to create policies (the default). Deployments that restrict the connection's subjects to thing creation only via the entity-creation configuration are not affected by the policy-override impact.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-02 12:52 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eclipse Foundation | Eclipse Ditto |
Affected:
1.3.0 , ≤ 3.9.6
(semver)
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CVE-2026-82756 (GCVE-0-2026-82756)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-07 22:30 – Updated: 2026-09-08 14:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ash_authentication_oauth2_server interpolates a tenant-derived value into the WWW-Authenticate challenge without escaping, allowing header parameter injection
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in ash-project ash_authentication_oauth2_server allows an unauthenticated attacker to inject arbitrary authentication parameters into the WWW-Authenticate challenge header.
BearerPlug and RequireScopePlug built the Bearer resource_metadata="..." challenge by interpolating a resource_metadata URL derived from the request tenant directly into the quoted value. In a multi-tenant application that sets the Ash tenant from request-controlled data (a subdomain, the Host, a path segment, or a header), a tenant containing a " closes the quoted value and appends attacker-chosen auth-params, including a second resource_metadata URL pointing at an attacker-controlled authorization server that spec-following clients follow. Carriage returns and line feeds are rejected by Plug, so this is parameter injection within one header, not response splitting.
This issue affects ash_authentication_oauth2_server: from 0.1.3 before 0.3.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 14:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ash-project/ash_authentication… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-82756.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-82756 | related |
| https://github.com/ash-project/ash_authentication… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ash-project | ash_authentication_oauth2_server |
Affected:
0.1.3 , < 0.3.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash_authentication_oauth2_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| ash-project | ash_authentication_oauth2_server |
Affected:
99de0a1cacb5ef667c4533278b7c81ca98c00231 , < 09f97476715da031b136eaec7b2cda2363ad8149
(git)
cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash_authentication_oauth2_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-82681 (GCVE-0-2026-82681)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-31 02:26 – Updated: 2026-08-31 16:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Query-parameter injection in AshAdmin row-action links via unencoded string primary keys
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in ash-project ash_admin lets an attacker who controls a record's string primary key rewrite the target of AshAdmin's row-action links.
The Table, DataTable, and Show components built row-action URLs by raw string interpolation, splicing the primary key (and table, domain, and resource names) into the query string without URL-encoding. Ash resources routinely use user-settable string primary keys (slugs, emails). Because Plug.Conn.Query resolves duplicate parameters last-wins and primary_key is interpolated last, a stored key such as foo&action_type=destroy injects parameters that override the link, so an admin clicking edit is sent to a destroy form or an arbitrary resource; a # truncates the query into a fragment. The fix builds every link with URI.encode_query/1, encoding all interpolated values.
This issue affects ash_admin: from 0.3.0-rc.0 before 1.3.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-31 16:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ash-project/ash_admin/security… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-82681.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-82681 | related |
| https://github.com/ash-project/ash_admin/commit/8… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ash-project | ash_admin |
Affected:
0.3.0-rc.0 , < 1.3.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash_admin:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| ash-project | ash_admin |
Affected:
b214535f0cc012e36ca621e643bf8f7b133ba354 , < 8e8ef91e8ba07498053887c6212f8b0f08178df6
(git)
cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash_admin:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-82249 (GCVE-0-2026-82249)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 10:49 – Updated: 2026-08-28 15:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
gitoxide before 0.38.2 Credential Helper Protocol Field Injection
Summary
gitoxide before 0.38.2 fails to validate carriage return characters in URL values passed to credential helpers. Attackers can supply URLs containing bare carriage returns to inject additional helper protocol fields and cause credential helpers to return credentials for attacker-specified hosts instead of the requested URL.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 15:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/GitoxideLabs/gitoxide/security… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gitoxide-bef… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitoxideLabs | gitoxide |
Affected:
0 , < 0.38.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.38.2 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:gitoxidelabs:gitoxide:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-07-15 00:00
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CVE-2026-81685 (GCVE-0-2026-81685)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-27 14:50 – Updated: 2026-08-27 19:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
openssl_encrypt before 1.4.9 Text Injection via Recovery Slot Metadata
Summary
openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.9 fail to sanitize recovery-slot metadata in the desktop GUI, allowing attackers to inject control characters and line separators into the irreversible-removal confirmation dialog. Attackers can craft encrypted files with malicious slot identifiers containing bidi overrides or line-separator characters to forge warning text and deceive users during file removal operations.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-27 19:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt/secur… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openssl-encr… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jahlives | openssl_encrypt |
Affected:
0 , < 1.4.9
(semver)
Unaffected: 1.4.9 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-08-12 00:00
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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.