Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-776
AllowedImproper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.
171 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-115506 (GCVE-0-2026-115506)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 19:14 – Updated: 2026-10-23 21:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
libexpat through 2.9.0 Denial of Service via Billion Laughs Detection Delay
Summary
libexpat through 2.9.0 contains a denial of service vulnerability because billion laughs protection in accountingDiffTolerated() in xmlparse.c detects entity amplification too late. Attackers can supply a moderately sized XML document with a large DTD and nested entity expansions to consume tens of seconds of CPU per parse.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 18:03 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/pull/1433 | patchissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/issues/1160 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/hannob/lololol | exploit |
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/libexpat-thr… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-22 00:00
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CVE-2026-111252 (GCVE-0-2026-111252)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 18:56 – Updated: 2026-10-16 19:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenNMS denial of service via XML entity expansion
Summary
A denial of service vulnerability exists in the XML parsing of multiple versions of OpenNMS Meridian and Horizon. OpenNMS parsed XML without an effective limit on entity expansion. A document with a DOCTYPE that declares internal entities can expand to a very large value and exhaust the server memory. An authenticated user with provisioning access can supply such a document through a requisition or foreign-source import, which includes a remote requisition URL that the server fetches and parses. Both deeply nested entities and a single large entity referenced many times cause the memory exhaustion. The fix caps the number of entity expansions for all XML parsing and rejects any DOCTYPE in requisition and foreign-source XML.
The solution is to upgrade to Meridian 2024.3.14, 2025.0.11, 2026.0.1 and Horizon 36.0.5 or newer. Meridian and Horizon installation instructions state that they are intended for installation within an organization's private networks and should not be directly accessible from the Internet.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 19:57 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenNMS/opennms/pull/8898 | patch |
| https://github.com/OpenNMS/opennms/pull/8952 | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The OpenNMS Group | Meridian |
Affected:
2024.1.0 , < 2024.3.14
(maven)
Affected: 2025.0.0 , < 2025.0.11 (maven) Affected: 2026.0.0 , < 2026.0.1 (maven) |
|
| The OpenNMS Group | Horizon |
Affected:
36.0.0 , < 36.0.5
(maven)
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CVE-2026-108358 (GCVE-0-2026-108358)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 17:29 – Updated: 2026-10-23 21:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PhpSpreadsheet: XmlScanner Bypass via ISO-2022 Escape Sequences Allows XXE and Denial of Service
Summary
PhpSpreadsheet is a pure PHP library for reading and writing spreadsheet files. Prior to 1.30.7, 2.1.19, 2.4.8, 3.10.8, and 5.10.0, XmlScanner::scan in src/PhpSpreadsheet/Reader/Security/XmlScanner.php uses a DOCTYPE detection pattern that accounts for NUL-byte interleaving but not ISO-2022 escape sequences in XLSX XML parts. The escape sequences prevent the scanner from matching the declaration, and XML charset normalization then removes the escape bytes before parsing, exposing a valid DOCTYPE and entity definitions. Processing an attacker-controlled XLSX can therefore cause entity-expansion denial of service on supported PHP versions and can permit local file access or SSRF on PHP before 8.0 or when LIBXML_NOENT is enabled. This issue is fixed in versions 1.30.7, 2.1.19, 2.4.8, 3.10.8, and 5.10.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 17:32 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
11 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PHPOffice | PhpSpreadsheet |
Affected:
< 1.30.7
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.1.19 Affected: >= 2.2.0, < 2.4.8 Affected: >= 3.3.0, < 3.10.8 Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 5.10.0 |
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CVE-2026-108357 (GCVE-0-2026-108357)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 17:38 – Updated: 2026-10-23 21:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PhpSpreadsheet: XmlScanner Bypass via Double-Encoded unentity() TOCTOU Allows XXE and Denial of Service
Summary
PhpSpreadsheet is a pure PHP library for reading and writing spreadsheet files. From 3.3.0 until 3.10.8 and 5.10.0, Reader\Xml passes stored SpreadsheetML XML through XmlScanner::scan in Xml::canRead and Xml::trySimpleXMLLoadStringPrivate, while Xml::unentity decodes numeric entities only after each DOCTYPE pattern check. A double-encoded less-than character is reduced by the first callback to another encoded character and by the second callback to a literal less-than sign, so SimpleXML receives an unchecked DOCTYPE and entity declaration. Processing attacker-controlled SpreadsheetML XML can cause entity-expansion denial of service and can permit local file access or SSRF on PHP before 8.0 or when LIBXML_NOENT is enabled. This issue is fixed in versions 3.10.8 and 5.10.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 17:32 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/PHPOffice/PhpSpreadsheet/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PHPOffice | PhpSpreadsheet |
Affected:
>= 3.3.0, < 3.10.8
Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 5.10.0 |
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CVE-2026-108086 (GCVE-0-2026-108086)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 10:24 – Updated: 2026-10-20 18:09 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Cocoon: XEE could lead to SSRF and information disclosure
Summary
** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Improper restriction of recursive entity references in DTDs ('XML entity expansion') vulnerability in Apache Cocoon.
This issue affects Apache Cocoon: all versions. XEE in the fp: form processor could lead to SSRF, including exposing files from the server to an untrusted external system
As this project is retired, we do not plan to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.
NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper restriction of recursive entity references in DTDs ('XML entity expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Cocoon |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-92001 (GCVE-0-2026-92001)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 09:20 – Updated: 2026-09-23 17:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Sling XSS: Missing parser resource limits
Summary
Improper restriction of recursive entity references in DTDs ('XML entity expansion') vulnerability in Apache Sling XSS.
This issue affects Apache Sling XSS: before 2.4.12.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.4.12, which fixes the issue.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 14:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper restriction of recursive entity references in DTDs ('XML entity expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/m52jll26vc8g5jokb… | vendor-advisory |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Sling XSS |
Affected:
0 , < 2.4.12
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CVE-2026-78681 (GCVE-0-2026-78681)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 01:30 – Updated: 2026-08-26 16:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NLTK before 3.10.3 Entity Expansion DoS via ElementTree
Summary
NLTK versions before 3.10.3 use xml.etree.ElementTree to parse XML in multiple modules, which honors entity declarations in document DTDs. Attackers can craft XML payloads with nested entity declarations that expand from hundreds of bytes to megabytes in memory, causing denial of service.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 15:58 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nltk/nltk/security/advisories/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-before-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-74030 (GCVE-0-2026-74030)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 13:27 – Updated: 2026-10-13 16:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wazuh 3.9.0 before 4.14.8 Memory Exhaustion via SCA YAML Alias Expansion
Summary
Wazuh from 3.9.0 before 4.14.8 contains an uncontrolled YAML alias expansion vulnerability in yaml2json_node that allows a manager-controlled policy to exhaust agent memory. Attackers controlling the manager can push a small SCA policy with nested aliases via merged.mg to OOM-kill wazuh-modulesd on every agent in a group.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 15:47 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/wazuh/wazuh/releases/tag/v4.14.8 | patchrelease-notes |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wazuh-3.9.0-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wazuh | wazuh-agent |
Affected:
3.9.0 , < 4.14.8
(semver)
Unaffected: 4.14.8 (semver) |
|
| Wazuh | wazuh-manager |
Affected:
3.9.0 , < 4.14.8
(semver)
Unaffected: 4.14.8 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-10-13 00:00
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CVE-2026-73569 (GCVE-0-2026-73569)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 17:45 – Updated: 2026-08-13 18:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-xml-parser: Repeated DOCTYPE declarations reset entity expansion limits
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to process XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries or callbacks. From 5.9.3 until 5.10.1, src/xmlparser/OrderedObjParser.js processes multiple DOCTYPE declarations within a single XML document and passes each declaration's entities through addInputEntities(). addInputEntities() resets maxTotalExpansions and maxExpandedLength every time it is called, allowing additional DOCTYPE declarations to repeatedly reset the configured entity-expansion limits during one parse operation. A crafted XML document can then cause excessive CPU use, event-loop blocking, memory exhaustion, and process termination. This issue is fixed in version 5.10.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 18:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NaturalIntelligence | fast-xml-parser |
Affected:
>= 5.9.3, < 5.10.1
|
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CVE-2026-58234 (GCVE-0-2026-58234)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 00:10 – Updated: 2026-09-08 10:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Denial of Service vulnerability in SAP Process Integration (SOAP Adapter)
Summary
SAP Process Integration (SOAP Adapter) allows a privileged user to send specially crafted requests containing deeply nested entity definitions, which under certain conditions could temporarily increase processor load and degrade system responsiveness. Successful exploitation results in low impact on availability with no impact on confidentiality and integrity.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 10:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | SAP Process Integration (SOAP Adapter) |
Affected:
MESSAGING 7.50
Affected: SAP_XIAF 7.50 |
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Mitigation
Operation
If possible, prohibit the use of DTDs or use an XML parser that limits the expansion of recursive DTD entities.
Mitigation
Implementation
Before parsing XML files with associated DTDs, scan for recursive entity declarations and do not continue parsing potentially explosive content.
CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion
An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.