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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-776

Allowed

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.

159 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-33036 (GCVE-0-2026-33036)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-20 05:17 – Updated: 2026-03-25 13:57
VLAI
Title
fast-xml-parser affected by numeric entity expansion bypassing all entity expansion limits (incomplete fix for CVE-2026-26278)
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to process XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries or callbacks. Versions 4.0.0-beta.3 through 5.5.5 contain a bypass vulnerability where numeric character references (&#NNN;, &#xHH;) and standard XML entities completely evade the entity expansion limits (e.g., maxTotalExpansions, maxExpandedLength) added to fix CVE-2026-26278, enabling XML entity expansion Denial of Service. The root cause is that replaceEntitiesValue() in OrderedObjParser.js only enforces expansion counting on DOCTYPE-defined entities while the lastEntities loop handling numeric/standard entities performs no counting at all. An attacker supplying 1M numeric entity references like A can force ~147MB of memory allocation and heavy CPU usage, potentially crashing the process—even when developers have configured strict limits. This issue has been fixed in version 5.5.6.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-25 13:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NaturalIntelligence fast-xml-parser Affected: >= 4.0.0-beta.3, < 5.5.6
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Show details on NVD website

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                "id": "CVE-2026-33036",
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CVE-2026-29074 (GCVE-0-2026-29074)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 07:23 – Updated: 2026-09-10 12:04
VLAI
Title
SVGO: DoS through entity expansion in DOCTYPE (Billion Laughs)
Summary
SVGO, short for SVG Optimizer, is a Node.js library and command-line application for optimizing SVG files. From version 2.1.0 to before version 2.8.1, from version 3.0.0 to before version 3.3.3, and before version 4.0.1, SVGO accepts XML with custom entities, without guards against entity expansion or recursion. This can result in a small XML file (811 bytes) stalling the application and even crashing the Node.js process with JavaScript heap out of memory. This issue has been patched in versions 2.8.1, 3.3.3, and 4.0.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-06 15:59 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
References
URL Tags
https://github.com/svg/svgo/security/advisories/G… x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-29074 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2445132 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… x_sadp-csaf-vex
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13512 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6277 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7110 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13553 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6309 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13545 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9742 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13826 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:5807 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19712 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21772 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8483 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8484 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8490 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8491 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8493 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:11916 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:11856 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6568 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:48085 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6926 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
svg svgo Affected: >= 2.1.0, < 2.8.1
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.3.3
Affected: = 4.0.0
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 Unaffected: 0:2.5.20260422-2.el8ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:2.5.20260422-2.el9ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:2.6.7-1.el9ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security 4.8 Unaffected: 1775594119 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.8::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 Unaffected: 1777403872 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Unaffected: 1777387242 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Unaffected: 1774243862 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8 Unaffected: 1776784286 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 Unaffected: 1777903262 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.16 Unaffected: 1774282136 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.16::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1780467029 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1780467147 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 Unaffected: 1779189627 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 Unaffected: 1778473763 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 Unaffected: 1778666987 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.28 Unaffected: 1779814592 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.28::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6 Unaffected: 1776191302 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.6::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.0 Unaffected: 1776151124 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.0::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.0 Unaffected: 1776151272 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.0::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1 Unaffected: 1776151106 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.1::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1 Unaffected: 1776151270 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.1::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2 Unaffected: 1776155669 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.2::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2 Unaffected: 1776149682 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.2::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3 Unaffected: 1776151134 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3 Unaffected: 1776151277 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.10 Unaffected: 1776736910 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.12 Unaffected: 1776752646 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.14 Unaffected: 1779689392 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.14::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.15 Unaffected: 1775169219 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.16 Unaffected: 1779204086 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.17 Unaffected: 1779922205 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.17::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.18 Unaffected: 1784987273 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.9 Unaffected: 1775169218 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8
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Red Hat Cryostat 4     cpe:/a:redhat:cryostat:4
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Red Hat Gatekeeper 3     cpe:/a:redhat:gatekeeper:3
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Red Hat Multicluster Engine for Kubernetes     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine
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Red Hat OpenShift Pipelines     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1
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Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3
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Red Hat Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2     cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2
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Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2     cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2     cpe:/a:redhat:service_registry:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of OptaPlanner 8     cpe:/a:redhat:optaplanner:::el6
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Red Hat Red Hat Data Grid 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_data_grid:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3     cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3
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Red Hat Red Hat Fuse 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack     cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift distributed tracing 3     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_distributed_tracing:3
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Red Hat Red Hat Single Sign-On 7     cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Self-service automation portal 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-27807 (GCVE-0-2026-27807)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 02:48 – Updated: 2026-03-06 16:10
VLAI
Title
MarkUs: YAML alias (‘billion laughs’) DoS in config upload
Summary
MarkUs is a web application for the submission and grading of student assignments. Prior to version 2.9.4, MarkUs allows course instructors to upload YAML files to create/update various entities (e.g., assignment settings). These YAML files are parsed with aliases enabled. This issue has been patched in version 2.9.4.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-06 15:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MarkUsProject Markus Affected: < 2.9.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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          "url": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/security/advisories/GHSA-m9rx-85mx-q9h6"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/releases/tag/v2.9.4",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/releases/tag/v2.9.4"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-m9rx-85mx-q9h6",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "MarkUs: YAML alias (\u2018billion laughs\u2019) DoS in config upload"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-27807",
    "datePublished": "2026-03-06T02:48:28.384Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-02-24T02:31:33.267Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-03-06T16:10:43.887Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-26278 (GCVE-0-2026-26278)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 19:40 – Updated: 2026-09-10 12:05
VLAI
Title
fast-xml-parser affected by DoS through entity expansion in DOCTYPE (no expansion limit)
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to validate XML, parse XML to JS object, or build XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries and no callback. In versions 4.1.3 through 5.3.5, the XML parser can be forced to do an unlimited amount of entity expansion. With a very small XML input, it’s possible to make the parser spend seconds or even minutes processing a single request, effectively freezing the application. Version 5.3.6 fixes the issue. As a workaround, avoid using DOCTYPE parsing by `processEntities: false` option.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-19 20:58 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NaturalIntelligence fast-xml-parser Affected: >= 5.0.0, < 5.3.6
Affected: >= 4.1.3, < 4.5.4
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Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security 4.8 Unaffected: 1775594119 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.8::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security 4.9 Unaffected: 1775594284 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.9::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8 Unaffected: 1774545605 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 Unaffected: 1775140647 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676191 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783929816 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784094353 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784093953 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784094943 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676585 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676649 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676675 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784094299 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784094725 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676820 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676883 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676894 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784095175 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783676977 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1784093503 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783677297 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783677345 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18 Unaffected: 1783677533 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684360 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684068 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784054582 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784054606 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784055295 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684603 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684668 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684667 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784054873 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684707 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784055589 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684779 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684831 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783684839 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784055533 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784055558 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1784056134 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783685128 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783685129 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19 Unaffected: 1783685375 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.19::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667125 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783666755 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784054598 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055387 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055726 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667517 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667577 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667611 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055020 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667641 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055586 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667790 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667859 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667875 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667869 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783667877 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055576 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055244 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1784055382 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783668266 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783668288 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.20 Unaffected: 1783669219 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.20::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Satellite 6.18 Unaffected: 1785922764 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.18::el9
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Red Hat Migration Toolkit for Applications 8     cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_applications:8
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift GitOps     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_gitops:1
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization 4     cpe:/a:redhat:container_native_virtualization:4
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Red Hat Red Hat Satellite 6     cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6
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Red Hat Self-service automation portal 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2
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Show details on NVD website

{
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    "adp": [
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                "id": "CVE-2026-26278",
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            "collectionURL": "https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/",
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            "cpes": [
              "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.18::el9"
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            "packageName": "odf4/odf-cosi-sidecar-rhel9",
            "product": "Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.18",
            "vendor": "Red Hat",
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                "lessThan": "*",
                "status": "unaffected",
                "version": "1783676820",
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CVE-2026-16180 (GCVE-0-2026-16180)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-04 16:42 – Updated: 2026-09-04 17:32
VLAI
Title
IBM App Connect Enterprise and IBM Integration Bus for z/OS Adapter nodes are vulnerable to multiple CVEs
Summary
IBM App Connect Enterprise 13.0.1.0 through 13.0.8.1, and 12.0.1.0 through 12.0.12.28 and IBM Integration Bus for z/OS 10.1.0.0 through 10.1.0.7 Toolkit could allow an authenticated user to cause a denial-of-service condition due to improper validation of XML entities.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-04 17:32 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7286372 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM App Connect Enterprise Affected: 13.0.1.0 , ≤ 13.0.8.1 (semver)
Affected: 12.0.1.0 , ≤ 12.0.12.28 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise:13.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise:13.0.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise:12.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise:12.0.12.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM Integration Bus for z/OS Affected: 10.1.0.0 , ≤ 10.1.0.7 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:integration_bus_for_zos:10.1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:integration_bus_for_zos:10.1.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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              "value": "\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIBM strongly recommends addressing the vulnerability/vulnerabilities now by applying the appropriate fix to IBM App Connect Enterprise and IBM Integration Bus for z/OS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAffected Product(s)\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eVersion(s)\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAPAR\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemediation / Fixes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIBM App Connect Enterprise\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e13.0.1.0 - 13.0.8.1\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIT49773\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe APAR (IT49773) is available from\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7285177\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"\u003eIBM App Connect Enterprise v13- Fix Pack Release 13.0.8.2\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIBM App Connect Enterprise\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12.0.1.0 - 12.0.12.28\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIT49773\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe APAR (IT49773) is available from\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7284253\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"\u003eIBM App Connect Enterprise v12- Fix Pack Release 12.0.12.29\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIBM Integration Bus for z/OS\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10.1.0.0 - 10.1.0.7\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIT49773\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterim Fix for APAR (IT49773) is available to apply to 10.1.0.7 from\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral/swg/selectFixes?parent=ibm%7EWebSphere\u0026amp;product=ibm/WebSphere/Integration+Bus\u0026amp;release=10.1.0.7\u0026amp;platform=All\u0026amp;function=aparId\u0026amp;apars=IT49773\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eIBM Fix Central\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"
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CVE-2026-14979 (GCVE-0-2026-14979)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-17 19:49 – Updated: 2026-07-28 20:25
VLAI
Title
IBM Engineering Lifecycle Management - Jazz Foundation is vulnerable to XML Entity Expansion attack
Summary
IBM Engineering Lifecycle Management 7.0.3 ( Interim Fix 001 through ) Interim Fix 021, 7.1.0 ( Interim Fix 001 through ) Interim Fix 009, and 7.2.0 and 7.2.0 Interim Fix 001 DOORS could allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service due to improper handling of XML entity expansion.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 15:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7279963 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Engineering Lifecycle Management Affected: 7.0.3 ( Interim Fix 001 , ≤ ) Interim Fix 021 (semver)
Affected: 7.1.0 ( Interim Fix 001 , ≤ ) Interim Fix 009 (semver)
Affected: 7.2.0 and 7.2.0 Interim Fix 001
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_lifecycle_management:7.0.3:interim_fix_001:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_lifecycle_management:7.1.0:interim_fix_001:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_lifecycle_management:7.1.0:interim_fix_009:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_lifecycle_management:7.2.0and7.2.0:interim_fix_001:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-14865 (GCVE-0-2026-14865)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-22 13:45 – Updated: 2026-07-22 19:10
VLAI
Title
XXE Denial of Service via RadLayoutBuilder Client State in Telerik UI for ASP.NET AJAX
Summary
In Progress® Telerik® UI for AJAX prior to v2026.2.708, the internal LayoutBuilder control processes client-state XML without disabling DTD processing, allowing unauthenticated denial of service via recursive XML entity expansion.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 19:09 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Progress Software Telerik UI for ASP.NET AJAX Affected: 2009.1.314 , < 2026.2.708 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-12993 (GCVE-0-2026-12993)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-25 23:23 – Updated: 2026-08-25 14:53
VLAI
Title
Apicurio/apicurio-registry: apicurio-registry: xml entity-expansion denial of service via internal dtd subset
Summary
A flaw was found in Apicurio Registry. The DocumentBuilderAccessor correctly blocks external DTD and schema access but does not disable DOCTYPE declarations or enable FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING. An attacker with artifact-write permission can upload XML documents with internal entity-expansion payloads (billion-laughs variant) that cause CPU and heap exhaustion, partially mitigated by the JAXP default 64,000 entity-expansion limit.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-29 18:12 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59360 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-12993 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2491692 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3.3.1     cpe:/a:redhat:apicurio_registry:3.3
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-10 13:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-3415 (GCVE-0-2026-3415)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 17:32 – Updated: 2026-08-07 17:47
VLAI
Title
XML External Entity (XXE) Injection via Schema Validation in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows File Reading and Denial of Service
Summary
The XML and schema validation functionalities within the SchemaValidator Mediator process XML input as part of validation flows. Under certain conditions, the XML parser allows the resolution of external entities when handling user-supplied XML content during validation operations. This behavior can occur when an attacker supplies crafted XML payloads to the relevant mediator flows with sufficient privileges. Successful exploitation may allow a highly privileged actor to read files accessible within the server hosting the affected product. Additionally, it may be possible to trigger outbound requests to unintended internal or external locations, depending on the server environment and network configuration. Specially crafted XML payloads can also lead to excessive resource consumption during parsing, impacting the availability of the product.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-07 17:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Handling of Special Elements in XML Document Type Declaration (DTD)
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
WSO2 WSO2 API Manager Unknown: 0 , < 3.2.0 (custom)
Affected: 3.2.0 , < 3.2.0.472 (custom)
Affected: 3.2.1 , < 3.2.1.91 (custom)
Affected: 4.1.0 , < 4.1.0.254 (custom)
Affected: 4.2.0 , < 4.2.0.194 (custom)
Affected: 4.3.0 , < 4.3.0.105 (custom)
Affected: 4.4.0 , < 4.4.0.68 (custom)
Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.53 (custom)
Affected: 4.6.0 , < 4.6.0.16 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
WSO2 WSO2 Universal Gateway Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.53 (custom)
Affected: 4.6.0 , < 4.6.0.16 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
WSO2 WSO2 Traffic Manager Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.52 (custom)
Affected: 4.6.0 , < 4.6.0.16 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
WSO2 WSO2 API Control Plane Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.0.54 (custom)
Affected: 4.6.0 , < 4.6.0.17 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
WSO2 WSO2 Carbon API Gateway Affected: 6.7.206 , < 6.7.206.594 (custom)
Affected: 6.7.210 , < 6.7.210.95 (custom)
Affected: 9.20.74 , < 9.20.74.398 (custom)
Affected: 9.28.116 , < 9.28.116.412 (custom)
Affected: 9.29.120 , < 9.29.120.228 (custom)
Affected: 9.30.67 , < 9.30.67.158 (custom)
Affected: 9.31.86 , < 9.31.86.147 (custom)
Affected: 9.32.147 , < 9.32.147.38 (custom)
Unaffected: 9.33.61 , ≤ * (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
WSO2 WSO2 Carbon API Management Implementation Affected: 6.7.206 , < 6.7.206.594 (custom)
Affected: 6.7.210 , < 6.7.210.95 (custom)
Affected: 9.20.74 , < 9.20.74.398 (custom)
Affected: 9.28.116 , < 9.28.116.412 (custom)
Affected: 9.29.120 , < 9.29.120.228 (custom)
Affected: 9.30.67 , < 9.30.67.158 (custom)
Affected: 9.31.86 , < 9.31.86.147 (custom)
Affected: 9.32.147 , < 9.32.147.38 (custom)
Unaffected: 9.33.61 , ≤ * (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:wso2:wso2_carbon_api_management_implementation:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-20369 (GCVE-0-2025-20369)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-01 16:07 – Updated: 2025-10-01 17:36
VLAI
Title
Extensible Markup Language (XML) External Entity Injection (XXE) through Dashboard label field on Splunk Enterprise
Summary
In Splunk Enterprise versions below 9.4.4, 9.3.6, and 9.2.8, and Splunk Cloud Platform versions below 9.3.2411.108, 9.3.2408.118 and 9.2.2406.123, a low privilege user that does not hold the "admin" or "power" Splunk roles could perform an extensible markup language (XML) external entity (XXE) injection through the dashboard tab label field. The XXE injection has the potential to cause denial of service (DoS) attacks.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-01 17:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-776 - The software uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Splunk Splunk Enterprise Affected: 10.0 , < 10.0.0 (custom)
Affected: 9.4 , < 9.4.4 (custom)
Affected: 9.3 , < 9.3.6 (custom)
Affected: 9.2 , < 9.2.8 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Splunk Splunk Cloud Platform Affected: 9.3.2411 , < 9.3.2411.108 (custom)
Affected: 9.3.2408 , < 9.3.2408.118 (custom)
Affected: 9.2.2406 , < 9.2.2406.123 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-10-01 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation
Operation

If possible, prohibit the use of DTDs or use an XML parser that limits the expansion of recursive DTD entities.

Mitigation
Implementation

Before parsing XML files with associated DTDs, scan for recursive entity declarations and do not continue parsing potentially explosive content.

CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion

An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.