Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-345
DiscouragedInsufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
1086 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-44999 (GCVE-0-2026-44999)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 16:46 – Updated: 2026-05-12 13:53 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.4.20 - Improper Trust Labeling in Isolated Cron Awareness Events
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.4.20 fails to properly preserve untrusted labels for isolated cron awareness events, allowing webhook-triggered cron agent output to be recorded as trusted system events. Attackers can exploit this trust-labeling issue to strengthen prompt-injection attacks by rendering untrusted events as trusted System events.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-12 13:52 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/f6189… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-imp… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-04-21 00:00
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CVE-2026-44725 (GCVE-0-2026-44725)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 14:35 – Updated: 2026-08-21 21:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
EMQX: Stale plugins allow grants amplify a compromised admin/API key to remote code execution
Summary
EMQX is a scalable and reliable MQTT broker for AI, IoT, IIoT, and connected vehicles. Prior to versions 5.8.11, 5.9.3, 5.10.4, 6.0.3, 6.1.2, and 6.2.1, the plugin-install REST API and dashboard upload accepted stale grants created with emqx ctl plugins allow because there was no five-minute grant lifetime or SHA-256 package binding. An attacker with a compromised dashboard administrator credential or API key with plugin-install permission who finds a stale allowed name and version can upload attacker-controlled bytes under the allowed .tar.gz filename through POST /api/v5/plugins/install or the dashboard plugin upload. The broker then installs and runs attacker-controlled Erlang code with the privileges of the EMQX process. This issue is fixed in versions 5.8.11, 5.9.3, 5.10.4, 6.0.3, 6.1.2, and 6.2.1.
Severity
6.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 21:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/17200 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/17201 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/commit/2f926359fa847… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/commit/efa1ca1bef151… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/6.0.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/6.1.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/6.2.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/e5.10.4 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/tag/e5.8.11 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-44690 (GCVE-0-2026-44690)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-22 13:06 – Updated: 2026-07-22 18:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cross-zone wildcard cache poisoning via RRSIG.labels manipulation
Summary
In NLnet Labs Unbound 1.7.0 up to and including 1.25.1, insufficient validation of the RRSIG.Labels field combined with premature cache writes during RFC 8198 aggressive NSEC processing leads to cache poisoning that permits a malicious actor controlling a single delegated zone to poison arbitrary sibling zones under NSEC-signed parent domains. A malicious actor with one registered domain under an NSEC-signed TLD can serve malicious insecure DNS responses for unrelated sibling domains (sharing the same parent zone). Arbitrary delegations that do not exist under the parent domain and are covered by the parent's NSEC chain can be brought into insecure existence by fraudulent wildcard DS records (less labels than expected, unknown algorithm) from the malicious sibling domain. This allows the malicious actor to inject insecure wildcard records for those delegations.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 18:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-20… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NLnet Labs | Unbound |
Affected:
1.7.0 , < 1.25.2
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-07-22 00:00
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CVE-2026-44592 (GCVE-0-2026-44592)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 18:39 – Updated: 2026-05-16 00:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Gradient: Unauthenticated worker on /proto → arbitrary NAR write / cache poisoning
Summary
Gradient is a nix-based continuous integration system. In 1.1.0, when GRADIENT_DISCOVERABLE=true (the default, and the NixOS module default), anyone who can reach /proto can register as a worker without any credentials by sending a fresh, never-registered worker UUID. The resulting session has PeerAuth::Open, i.e. it sees jobs from every organisation, and can immediately NarPush/NarUploaded arbitrary store paths into nar_storage and the cached_path table. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.1.1.
Severity
9.4 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-16 00:50 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/wavelens/gradient/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-44584 (GCVE-0-2026-44584)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 19:58 – Updated: 2026-07-20 21:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Paymenter doesn't reset email verification status after email change
Summary
Paymenter is a free and open-source webshop solution for management of hosting services. In versions prior to 1.5.0, the email update functionality fails to invalidate the existing verification state when a user changes their email address, allowing a verified account to retain its verified status after switching to an unverified or unowned email address. When a user updated their email address, the system did not reset or revalidate the associated email verification status. As a result, the verification column remained set to “true” even after the email address was changed. Exploitation could potentially result in: misrepresentation of email ownership, bypass of verification-based trust assumptions, and abuse of features gated behind verified status. No direct unauthorized access to other users accounts or data is possible through this issue alone. This issue has been fixed in version 1.5.0.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 21:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Paymenter/Paymenter/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-44523 (GCVE-0-2026-44523)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 18:42 – Updated: 2026-05-15 14:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Note Mark: JWT Secret Weakness allows Full Account Takeover via token forgery
Summary
Note Mark is an open-source note-taking application. Prior to 0.19.4, no minimum length or entropy is enforced on the JWT_SECRET configuration value. The application accepts any base64-decodable secret regardless of size, including secrets as short as 1 byte. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.19.4.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-15 14:54 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/enchant97/note-mark/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-44434 (GCVE-0-2026-44434)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 22:34 – Updated: 2026-07-18 03:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Quicly is vulnerable to stateless reset injection
Summary
Quicly is an IETF QUIC protocol implementation intended primarily for use within the H2O HTTP server. Prior to commit dccf5d4, Quicly was vulnerable to stateless reset injection through lack of packet entry validation. The QUIC protocol is designed to withstand packet injection attacks, once the handshake is complete. Only packets that carry some secret patterns are considered as stateless resets. Quicly allows the peer to share up to 4 such patterns per connection. However, until now, it failed to determine which of the 4 slots that it uses to retain the secret patterns contains a valid entry. As the slots are zero-initialized, the failure meant that, unless the peer advertised 4 of such patterns, an all-zero pattern was treated as a stateless reset.In effect, this allowed an on-path attacker to reset QUIC connections governed by Quicly. This issue has been fixed by commit dccf5d4.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-18 03:21 UTC
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/h2o/quicly/security/advisories… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/h2o/quicly/commit/dccf5d4579c7… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-44308 (GCVE-0-2026-44308)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 14:39 – Updated: 2026-05-14 18:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Spring Cloud AWS: Missing SNS message signature verification allows spoofing of HTTP/HTTPS endpoint notifications
Summary
Spring Cloud AWS simplifies using AWS managed services in a Spring and Spring Boot applications. From 3.0.0 to 4.0.1, pplications using Spring Cloud AWS SNS HTTP/HTTPS endpoint support (@NotificationMessageMapping, @NotificationSubscriptionMapping, @NotificationUnsubscribeConfirmationMapping) did not verify the signature of incoming SNS messages. An unauthenticated attacker who knows the endpoint URL could send crafted HTTP POST requests mimicking SNS Notification or SubscriptionConfirmation messages. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.0.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-14 18:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/awspring/spring-cloud-aws/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| awspring | spring-cloud-aws |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 4.0.2
|
|
| io.awspring.cloud | spring-cloud-aws-sns |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 4.0.2
|
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CVE-2026-44087 (GCVE-0-2026-44087)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-19 13:11 – Updated: 2026-06-22 16:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache APISIX: Openid-connect plugin Identity Header Spoofing
Summary
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity vulnerability in Apache APISIX.
The openid-connect plugin under default configuration has an attack surface that allows the attacker to spoof identity headers allowing the attacker to get unauthorized access the protected resources.
This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 2.3 through 3.16.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.17.0, which fixes the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-22 16:18 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache APISIX |
Affected:
2.3 , ≤ 3.16.0
(semver)
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CVE-2026-43534 (GCVE-0-2026-43534)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-05 11:25 – Updated: 2026-05-06 14:12 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.4.10 - Unsanitized External Input in Agent Hook Events
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.4.10 contains an input validation vulnerability that allows external hook metadata to be enqueued as trusted system events. Attackers can supply malicious hook names to escalate untrusted input into higher-trust agent context.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-06 14:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/e3a84… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-uns… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-04-16 00:00
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CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.