Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-294
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).
421 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GCVE-1988-2026-0235
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-08 08:13 – Updated: 2026-09-11 11:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Dovecot Security Advisory OXDC-2026-0001
Summary
Dear subscribers,
we're sharing our latest advisory with you and like to thank everyone who contributed in finding and solving those
vulnerabilities. This advisory is also published at
https://documentation.open-xchange.com/dovecot/security/advisories/html/2026/oxdc-adv-2026-0001.html
---
Classification: TLP:GREEN
Internal reference: DOV-7830
Type: CWE-1250 (Improper Preservation of Consistency Between Independent Representations of Shared State)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.1
Discovery date: 2025-07-24
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: Erik <erik () broadlux com>
CVE: CVE-2025-30189
CVSS: 7.4 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N)
Details:
v2.4 regression: auth cache broken with several passdb / userdb. When cache is enabled, some passdb/userdb drivers
incorrectly cache all users with same cache key, causing wrong cached information to be used for these users.
Risk:
After cached login, all subsequent logins are for same user. No publicly available exploits are known.
Solution:
Install fixed version or disable caching either globally or for the impacted passdb/userdb drivers.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8349
Type: CWE-20 (Improper Input Validation)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.2, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3
Discovery date: 2025-11-04
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
CVE: CVE-2025-59028
CVSS: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
Details:
Invalid base64 authentication can cause DoS for other logins. When sending invalid base64 SASL data, login process is
disconnected from the auth server, causing all active authentication sessions to fail.
Risk:
Invalid BASE64 data can be used to DoS a vulnerable server to break concurrent logins. No publicly available exploits
are known.
Solution:
Install fixed version or disable concurrency in login processes (heavy perfomance penalty on large deployments).
---
Internal reference: DOV-8508
Type: CWE-20 (Improper Input Validation)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.3
Discovery date: 2025-11-29
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
CVE: CVE-2025-59032
CVSS: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Details:
v2.4/v3.1 regression: Pigeonhole: ManageSieve panic occurs with sieve-connect as a client. ManageSieve AUTHENTICATE
command crashes when using literal as SASL initial response.
Risk:
This can be used to crash ManageSieve service repeatedly, making it unavailable for other users. No publicly available
exploits are known.
Solution:
Control access to ManageSieve port, or disable the service if it's not needed. Alternatively upgrade to a fixed version.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8584
Type: CWE-200 (Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.22.1
Discovery date: 2025-12-29
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: cavid@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2025-59031
CVSS: 4.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)
Details:
decode2text.sh OOXML extraction may follow symlinks and read unintended files during indexing. Dovecot has provided a
script to use for attachment to text conversion. This script unsafely handles zip-style attachments.
Risk:
Attacker can use specially crafted OOXML documents to cause unintended files on the system to be indexed and
subsequently ending up in FTS indexes. No publicly available exploits are known.
Solution:
Do not use the provided script, instead, use something else like FTS tika.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8591
Type: CWE-22 (Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal'))
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
Discovery date: 2026-01-07
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: strokep@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-0394
CVSS: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)
Details:
auth: Path traversal in passwd-file passdb using `%d` (domain) escapes base directory and opens `/etc/passwd`Pre-auth
path traversal in passwd-file passdb using `%d` (domain) escapes base directory and opens `/etc/passwd`. When dovecot
has been configured to use per-domain passwd files, and they are placed one path component above /etc, or slash has
been added to allowed characters, path traversal can happen if the domain component is directory partial.
Risk:
This allows inadvertently reading /etc/passwd (or some other path which ends with passwd). If this file contains
passwords, it can be used to authenticate wrongly, or if this is userdb, it can unexpectly make system users appear
valid users. No publicly available exploits are known.
Solution:
Upgrade to fixed version, or use different authentication scheme that does not rely on paths. Alternatively you can
also ensure that the per-domain passwd files are in some other location, such as /etc/dovecot/auth/%d.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8775
Type: CWE-90 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ('LDAP Injection'))
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4
Discovery date: 2026-02-20
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: cookiejack15@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-27860
CVSS: 3.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)
Details:
v2.4/v3.1 regression: auth-ldap is not escaping usernames. If auth_username_chars is empty, it is possible to inject
arbitrary LDAP filter to Dovecot's LDAP authentication.
Risk:
This leads to potentially bypassing restrictions and allows probing of LDAP structure. No publicly available exploits
are known.
Solution:
Do not clear out auth_username_chars, or install fixed version.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8781
Type: CWE-89 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection'))
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4
Discovery date: 2026-02-23
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: whisperer@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-24031
CVSS: 7.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L)
Details:
v2.4/v3.1 regression: SQL injection allows bypassing authentication. Dovecot SQL based authentication can be bypassed
when auth_username_chars is cleared by admin.
Risk:
This vulnerability allows bypassing authentication for any user and user enumeration. No publicly available exploits
are known.
Solution:
Do not clear auth_username_chars. If this is not possible, install latest fixed version.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8787
Type: CWE-400 (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.2, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.5, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4
Discovery date: 2026-02-24
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: djvirus@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-27859
CVSS: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
Details:
v3.0.2+ regression: Message headers MIME parameter parsing can cause excessive CPU usage. A mail message containing
excessive amount of RFC 2231 MIME parameters causes LMTP to use too much CPU.
Risk:
A suitably formatted mail message causes mail delivery process to consume large amounts of CPU time. No publicly
available exploits are known.
Solution:
Use MTA capabilities to limit RFC 2231 MIME parameters in mail messages, or upgrade to fixed version where the
processing is limited.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8816
Type: CWE-400 (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.5, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4, OX Dovecot Pro
core 2.3.22.1
Discovery date: 2026-02-27
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: whisperer@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-27857
CVSS: 4.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
Details:
imap-login: Excessive memory usage DoS. Sending "NOOP (((...)))" command with 4000 parenthesis open+close results in
~1MB extra memory usage. Longer commands will result in client disconnection. This 1 MB can be left allocated for
longer time periods by not sending the command ending LF. So attacker could connect possibly from even a single IP and
create 1000 connections to allocate 1 GB of memory, which would likely result in reaching VSZ limit and killing the
process and its other proxied connections.
Risk:
Attacker could connect possibly from even a single IP and create 1000 connections to allocate 1 GB of memory, which
would likely result in reaching VSZ limit and killing the process and its other proxied connections. No publicly
available exploits are known.
Solution:
Install fixed version, there is no other remediation.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8818
Type: CWE-400 (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.5, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4, OX Dovecot Pro
core 2.3.22.1
Discovery date: 2026-02-28
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: ilyar@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-27858
CVSS: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Details:
managesieve-login out-of-memory DoS. Attacker can send a specifically crafted message before authentication that causes
managesieve to allocate large amount of memory.
Risk:
Attacker can force managesieve-login to be unavailable by repeatedly crashing the process. No publicly available
exploits are known.
Solution:
Protect access to managesieve protocol, or install fixed version.
---
Internal reference: DOV-8830
Type: CWE-287 (Improper Authentication)
Component: core
Report confidence: Confirmed
Solution status: Fixed by vendor
Last affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0
First fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.5, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4, OX Dovecot Pro
core 2.3.22.1
Discovery date: 2026-03-04
Solution date: 2026-03-27
Disclosure date: 2026-03-27
Researcher credits: bksparajuli@yeswehack
CVE: CVE-2026-27856
CVSS: 7.4 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N)
Details:
doveadm: Credentials verified without timing safety. Doveadm credentials are verified using direct comparison which is
susceptible to timing oracle attack. An attacker can use this to determine the configured credentials.
Risk:
Figuring out the credential will le
Severity
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
5 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dovecot | Security Advisory |
Affected:
unknown
|
Relationships
reference
GCVE-1988-2026-0235 (this record)
- related CVE-2025-30189
- related CVE-2025-59028
- related CVE-2025-59031
- related CVE-2025-59032
- related CVE-2026-0394
- related CVE-2026-24031
- related CVE-2026-27855
- related CVE-2026-27856
- related CVE-2026-27857
- related CVE-2026-27858
- related CVE-2026-27859
- related CVE-2026-27860
{
"containers": {
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "Security Advisory",
"vendor": "Dovecot",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "unknown"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "Aki Tuomi"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Dear subscribers,\n\nwe\u0027re sharing our latest advisory with you and like to thank everyone who contributed in finding and solving those \nvulnerabilities. This advisory is also published at \nhttps://documentation.open-xchange.com/dovecot/security/advisories/html/2026/oxdc-adv-2026-0001.html\n\n\n---\n\n\nClassification: TLP:GREEN\n\nInternal reference: DOV-7830\nType: CWE-1250 (Improper Preservation of Consistency Between Independent Representations of Shared State)\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.1\nDiscovery date: 2025-07-24\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: Erik \u003cerik () broadlux com\u003e\nCVE: CVE-2025-30189\nCVSS: 7.4 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N)\n\nDetails:\nv2.4 regression: auth cache broken with several passdb / userdb. When cache is enabled, some passdb/userdb drivers \nincorrectly cache all users with same cache key, causing wrong cached information to be used for these users.\n\nRisk:\nAfter cached login, all subsequent logins are for same user. No publicly available exploits are known.\n\nSolution:\nInstall fixed version or disable caching either globally or for the impacted passdb/userdb drivers.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8349\nType: CWE-20 (Improper Input Validation)\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.2, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3\nDiscovery date: 2025-11-04\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nCVE: CVE-2025-59028\nCVSS: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)\n\nDetails:\nInvalid base64 authentication can cause DoS for other logins. When sending invalid base64 SASL data, login process is \ndisconnected from the auth server, causing all active authentication sessions to fail.\n\nRisk:\nInvalid BASE64 data can be used to DoS a vulnerable server to break concurrent logins. No publicly available exploits \nare known.\n\nSolution:\nInstall fixed version or disable concurrency in login processes (heavy perfomance penalty on large deployments).\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8508\nType: CWE-20 (Improper Input Validation)\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.3\nDiscovery date: 2025-11-29\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nCVE: CVE-2025-59032\nCVSS: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)\n\nDetails:\nv2.4/v3.1 regression: Pigeonhole: ManageSieve panic occurs with sieve-connect as a client. ManageSieve AUTHENTICATE \ncommand crashes when using literal as SASL initial response.\n\nRisk:\nThis can be used to crash ManageSieve service repeatedly, making it unavailable for other users. No publicly available \nexploits are known.\n\nSolution:\nControl access to ManageSieve port, or disable the service if it\u0027s not needed. Alternatively upgrade to a fixed version.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8584\nType: CWE-200 (Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor)\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.22.1\nDiscovery date: 2025-12-29\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: cavid@yeswehack\nCVE: CVE-2025-59031\nCVSS: 4.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)\n\nDetails:\ndecode2text.sh OOXML extraction may follow symlinks and read unintended files during indexing. Dovecot has provided a \nscript to use for attachment to text conversion. This script unsafely handles zip-style attachments.\n\nRisk:\nAttacker can use specially crafted OOXML documents to cause unintended files on the system to be indexed and \nsubsequently ending up in FTS indexes. No publicly available exploits are known.\n\nSolution:\nDo not use the provided script, instead, use something else like FTS tika.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8591\nType: CWE-22 (Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027))\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nDiscovery date: 2026-01-07\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: strokep@yeswehack\nCVE: CVE-2026-0394\nCVSS: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)\n\nDetails:\nauth: Path traversal in passwd-file passdb using `%d` (domain) escapes base directory and opens `/etc/passwd`Pre-auth \npath traversal in passwd-file passdb using `%d` (domain) escapes base directory and opens `/etc/passwd`. When dovecot \nhas been configured to use per-domain passwd files, and they are placed one path component above /etc, or slash has \nbeen added to allowed characters, path traversal can happen if the domain component is directory partial.\n\nRisk:\nThis allows inadvertently reading /etc/passwd (or some other path which ends with passwd). If this file contains \npasswords, it can be used to authenticate wrongly, or if this is userdb, it can unexpectly make system users appear \nvalid users. No publicly available exploits are known.\n\nSolution:\nUpgrade to fixed version, or use different authentication scheme that does not rely on paths. Alternatively you can \nalso ensure that the per-domain passwd files are in some other location, such as /etc/dovecot/auth/%d.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8775\nType: CWE-90 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query (\u0027LDAP Injection\u0027))\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4\nDiscovery date: 2026-02-20\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: cookiejack15@yeswehack\nCVE: CVE-2026-27860\nCVSS: 3.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)\n\nDetails:\nv2.4/v3.1 regression: auth-ldap is not escaping usernames. If auth_username_chars is empty, it is possible to inject \narbitrary LDAP filter to Dovecot\u0027s LDAP authentication.\n\nRisk:\nThis leads to potentially bypassing restrictions and allows probing of LDAP structure. No publicly available exploits \nare known.\n\nSolution:\nDo not clear out auth_username_chars, or install fixed version.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8781\nType: CWE-89 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command (\u0027SQL Injection\u0027))\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4\nDiscovery date: 2026-02-23\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: whisperer@yeswehack\nCVE: CVE-2026-24031\nCVSS: 7.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L)\n\nDetails:\nv2.4/v3.1 regression: SQL injection allows bypassing authentication. Dovecot SQL based authentication can be bypassed \nwhen auth_username_chars is cleared by admin.\n\nRisk:\nThis vulnerability allows bypassing authentication for any user and user enumeration. No publicly available exploits \nare known.\n\nSolution:\nDo not clear auth_username_chars. If this is not possible, install latest fixed version.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8787\nType: CWE-400 (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption)\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.2, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.0, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.5, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4\nDiscovery date: 2026-02-24\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: djvirus@yeswehack\nCVE: CVE-2026-27859\nCVSS: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)\n\nDetails:\nv3.0.2+ regression: Message headers MIME parameter parsing can cause excessive CPU usage. A mail message containing \nexcessive amount of RFC 2231 MIME parameters causes LMTP to use too much CPU.\n\nRisk:\nA suitably formatted mail message causes mail delivery process to consume large amounts of CPU time. No publicly \navailable exploits are known.\n\nSolution:\nUse MTA capabilities to limit RFC 2231 MIME parameters in mail messages, or upgrade to fixed version where the \nprocessing is limited.\n\n\n\n---\n\n\n\nInternal reference: DOV-8816\nType: CWE-400 (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption)\nComponent: core\nReport confidence: Confirmed\nSolution status: Fixed by vendor\nLast affected revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 2.3.0\nFirst fixed revision: OX Dovecot Pro core 3.0.5, OX Dovecot CE core 2.4.3, OX Dovecot Pro core 3.1.4, OX Dovecot Pro \ncore 2.3.22.1\nDiscovery date: 2026-02-27\nSolution date: 2026-03-27\nDisclosure date: 2026-03-27\nResearcher credits: whisperer@yeswehack\nCVE: CVE-2026-27857\nCVSS: 4.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)\n\nDetails:\nimap-login: Excessive memory usage DoS. Sending \"NOOP (((...)))\" command with 4000 parenthesis open+close results in \n~1MB extra memory usage. Longer commands will result in client disconnection. This 1 MB can be left allocated for \nlonger time periods by not sending the command ending LF. So attacker could connect possibly from even a single IP and \ncreate 1000 connections to allocate 1 GB of memory, which would likely result in reaching VSZ limit and killing the \nprocess and its other proxied connections.\n\nRisk:\nAttacker could connect possibly from even a single IP and create 1000 connections to allocate 1 GB of memory, which \nwould likely result in reaching VSZ limit and killing the process and its other proxied connections. 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Doveadm credentials are verified using direct comparison which is \nsusceptible to timing oracle attack. An attacker can use this to determine the configured credentials.\n\nRisk:\nFiguring out the credential will le"
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CVE-2025-69197 (GCVE-0-2025-69197)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-06 00:44 – Updated: 2026-01-06 19:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pterodactyl TOTPs can be reused during validity window
Summary
Pterodactyl is a free, open-source game server management panel. Versions 1.11.11 and below allow TOTP to be used multiple times during its validity window. Users with 2FA enabled are prompted to enter a token during sign-in, and afterward it is not sufficiently marked as used in the system. This allows an attacker who intercepts that token to use it in addition to a known username/password during the 60-second token validity window. The attacker must have intercepted a valid 2FA token (for example, during a screen share). This issue is fixed in version 1.12.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-06 14:23 UTC
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/032bf… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pterodactyl | panel |
Affected:
< 1.12.0
|
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CVE-2025-68671 (GCVE-0-2025-68671)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-15 22:35 – Updated: 2026-01-20 16:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
lakeFS is Missing Timestamp Validation in S3 Gateway Authentication
Summary
lakeFS is an open-source tool that transforms object storage into a Git-like repositories. LakeFS's S3 gateway does not validate timestamps in authenticated requests, allowing replay attacks. Prior to 1.75.0, an attacker who captures a valid signed request (e.g., through network interception, logs, or compromised systems) can replay that request until credentials are rotated, even after the request is intended to expire. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.75.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-20 16:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/treeverse/lakeFS/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/treeverse/lakeFS/issues/9599 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-54810 (GCVE-0-2025-54810)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-18 21:28 – Updated: 2025-09-19 13:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cognex In-Sight Explorer and In-Sight Camera Firmware Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Summary
Cognex In-Sight Explorer and In-Sight Camera Firmware expose
a proprietary protocol on TCP port 1069 to perform management operations
such as modifying system properties. The user management functionality
handles sensitive data such as registered usernames and passwords over
an unencrypted channel, allowing an adjacent attacker to intercept valid
credentials to gain access to the device.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-19 13:11 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognex | In-Sight 2000 series |
Affected:
5.x , ≤ 6.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Cognex | In-Sight 7000 series |
Affected:
5.x , ≤ 6.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Cognex | In-Sight 8000 series |
Affected:
5.x , ≤ 6.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Cognex | In-Sight 9000 series |
Affected:
5.x , ≤ 6.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Cognex | In-Sight Explorer |
Affected:
5.x , ≤ 6.5.1
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-49752 (GCVE-0-2025-49752)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-20 22:18 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:07 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Azure Bastion Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Azure Bastion Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-22 04:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Azure Bastion Developer |
Affected:
-
cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:azure_bastion_developer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2025-11-20 08:00
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CVE-2025-48012 (GCVE-0-2025-48012)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-21 16:24 – Updated: 2025-05-21 16:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
One Time Password - Moderately critical - Access bypass - SA-CONTRIB-2025-063
Summary
Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in Drupal One Time Password allows Remote Services with Stolen Credentials.This issue affects One Time Password: from 0.0.0 before 1.3.0.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-21 16:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drupal | One Time Password |
Affected:
0.0.0 , < 1.3.0
(semver)
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Date Public
2025-05-14 18:05
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CVE-2025-47706 (GCVE-0-2025-47706)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-14 17:02 – Updated: 2025-05-19 14:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Enterprise MFA - TFA for Drupal - Moderately critical - Access bypass - SA-CONTRIB-2025-052
Summary
Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in Drupal Enterprise MFA - TFA for Drupal allows Remote Services with Stolen Credentials.This issue affects Enterprise MFA - TFA for Drupal: from 0.0.0 before 4.7.0, from 5.0.0 before 5.2.0.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-19 14:26 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drupal | Enterprise MFA - TFA for Drupal |
Affected:
0.0.0 , < 4.7.0
(semver)
Affected: 5.0.0 , < 5.2.0 (semver) |
Date Public
2025-05-07 17:07
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CVE-2025-46815 (GCVE-0-2025-46815)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-06 17:13 – Updated: 2025-05-06 18:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ZITADEL Allows IdP Intent Token Reuse
Summary
The identity infrastructure software ZITADEL offers developers the ability to manage user sessions using the Session API. This API enables the use of IdPs for authentication, known as idp intents. Following a successful idp intent, the client receives an id and token on a predefined URI. These id and token can then be used to authenticate the user or their session. However, prior to versions 3.0.0, 2.71.9, and 2.70.10, it was possible to exploit this feature by repeatedly using intents. This allowed an attacker with access to the application’s URI to retrieve the id and token, enabling them to authenticate on behalf of the user. It's important to note that the use of additional factors (MFA) prevents a complete authentication process and, consequently, access to the ZITADEL API. Versions 3.0.0, 2.71.9, and 2.70.10 contain a fix for the issue. No known workarounds other than upgrading are available.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-06 18:20 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/commit/b1e60e7… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.71.9 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v3.0.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-40807 (GCVE-0-2025-40807)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-09 10:44 – Updated: 2025-12-09 16:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in Gridscale X Prepay (All versions < V4.2.1). The affected application is vulnerable to capture-replay of authentication tokens. This could allow an authenticated but already locked-out user to establish still valid user sessions.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-09 16:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siemens | Gridscale X Prepay |
Affected:
0 , < V4.2.1
(custom)
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CVE-2025-36593 (GCVE-0-2025-36593)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-30 18:29 – Updated: 2026-02-26 17:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell OpenManage Network Integration, versions prior to 3.8, contains an Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in the RADIUS protocol. An attacker with local network access could potentially exploit this vulnerability to forge a valid protocol accept message in response to a failed authentication request.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-01 03:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00033723… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dell | OpenManage Network Integration |
Affected:
NA , < 3.8
(semver)
|
Date Public
2025-06-25 17:00
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.