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              }
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      }
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: act_ct: Only release RCU read lock after ct_ft\n\nWhen looking up a flow table in act_ct in tcf_ct_flow_table_get(),\nrhashtable_lookup_fast() internally opens and closes an RCU read critical\nsection before returning ct_ft.\nThe tcf_ct_flow_table_cleanup_work() can complete before refcount_inc_not_zero()\nis invoked on the returned ct_ft resulting in a UAF on the already freed ct_ft\nobject. This vulnerability can lead to privilege escalation.\n\nAnalysis from zdi-disclosures@trendmicro.com:\nWhen initializing act_ct, tcf_ct_init() is called, which internally triggers\ntcf_ct_flow_table_get().\n\nstatic int tcf_ct_flow_table_get(struct net *net, struct tcf_ct_params *params)\n\n{\n                struct zones_ht_key key = { .net = net, .zone = params-\u003ezone };\n                struct tcf_ct_flow_table *ct_ft;\n                int err = -ENOMEM;\n\n                mutex_lock(\u0026zones_mutex);\n                ct_ft = rhashtable_lookup_fast(\u0026zones_ht, \u0026key, zones_params); // [1]\n                if (ct_ft \u0026\u0026 refcount_inc_not_zero(\u0026ct_ft-\u003eref)) // [2]\n                                goto out_unlock;\n                ...\n}\n\nstatic __always_inline void *rhashtable_lookup_fast(\n                struct rhashtable *ht, const void *key,\n                const struct rhashtable_params params)\n{\n                void *obj;\n\n                rcu_read_lock();\n                obj = rhashtable_lookup(ht, key, params);\n                rcu_read_unlock();\n\n                return obj;\n}\n\nAt [1], rhashtable_lookup_fast() looks up and returns the corresponding ct_ft\nfrom zones_ht . The lookup is performed within an RCU read critical section\nthrough rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock(), which prevents the object from\nbeing freed. However, at the point of function return, rcu_read_unlock() has\nalready been called, and there is nothing preventing ct_ft from being freed\nbefore reaching refcount_inc_not_zero(\u0026ct_ft-\u003eref) at [2]. This interval becomes\nthe race window, during which ct_ft can be freed.\n\nFree Process:\n\ntcf_ct_flow_table_put() is executed through the path tcf_ct_cleanup() call_rcu()\ntcf_ct_params_free_rcu() tcf_ct_params_free() tcf_ct_flow_table_put().\n\nstatic void tcf_ct_flow_table_put(struct tcf_ct_flow_table *ct_ft)\n{\n                if (refcount_dec_and_test(\u0026ct_ft-\u003eref)) {\n                                rhashtable_remove_fast(\u0026zones_ht, \u0026ct_ft-\u003enode, zones_params);\n                                INIT_RCU_WORK(\u0026ct_ft-\u003erwork, tcf_ct_flow_table_cleanup_work); // [3]\n                                queue_rcu_work(act_ct_wq, \u0026ct_ft-\u003erwork);\n                }\n}\n\nAt [3], tcf_ct_flow_table_cleanup_work() is scheduled as RCU work\n\nstatic void tcf_ct_flow_table_cleanup_work(struct work_struct *work)\n\n{\n                struct tcf_ct_flow_table *ct_ft;\n                struct flow_block *block;\n\n                ct_ft = container_of(to_rcu_work(work), struct tcf_ct_flow_table,\n                                                                rwork);\n                nf_flow_table_free(\u0026ct_ft-\u003enf_ft);\n                block = \u0026ct_ft-\u003enf_ft.flow_block;\n                down_write(\u0026ct_ft-\u003enf_ft.flow_block_lock);\n                WARN_ON(!list_empty(\u0026block-\u003ecb_list));\n                up_write(\u0026ct_ft-\u003enf_ft.flow_block_lock);\n                kfree(ct_ft); // [4]\n\n                module_put(THIS_MODULE);\n}\n\ntcf_ct_flow_table_cleanup_work() frees ct_ft at [4]. When this function executes\nbetween [1] and [2], UAF occurs.\n\nThis race condition has a very short race window, making it generally\ndifficult to trigger. Therefore, to trigger the vulnerability an msleep(100) was\ninserted after[1]"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
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              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The UAF is triggered only during act_ct TC action configuration via RTM_NEWACTION/RTM_DELACTION or RTM_NEWTFILTER netlink messages, not by processing remote network packets. Per kernel guidance, tc/netlink qdisc paths are Local attack vector.\nAC:L - The race is between flow-table lookup and refcount increment during concurrent create/delete/replace of ct actions, and an attacker with CAP_NET_ADMIN controls both sides by issuing parallel netlink operations on actions sharing the same zone. UAF races where the attacker controls timing are scored AC:L.\nPR:L - All non-GET rtnetlink TC operations require CAP_NET_ADMIN, checked in rtnetlink_rcv_msg() and tc_ctl_action(). CAP_NET_ADMIN is obtainable by an unprivileged user inside a user+network namespace (unshare -Urn), which per kernel guidance is PR:L not PR:H.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires only the attacker\u0027s own netlink configuration traffic; no victim user action such as opening a file or mounting a filesystem is needed.\nS:U - A successful exploit yields kernel-level privilege escalation within the same kernel security domain. This is standard local kernel compromise, not a cross-boundary escape such as VM guest-to-host or IOMMU bypass.\nC:H - The bug is a heap use-after-free on struct tcf_ct_flow_table during refcount_inc_not_zero() on memory that tcf_ct_flow_table_cleanup_work() may have already kfree()\u0027d. UAF on kernel heap objects enables arbitrary memory read primitives and is scored C:H.\nI:H - Freed tcf_ct_flow_table slabs can be reallocated and corrupted via the dangling refcount operation, providing heap manipulation primitives that ZDI and the fix commit describe as leading to privilege escalation. Memory corruption UAF is scored I:H.\nA:H - Hitting the UAF during refcount manipulation on freed memory can cause kernel oops/panic or deliberate denial of service, and UAF bugs inherently threaten availability even when exploitation is attempted. Any kernel crash or UAF is scored A:H."
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