Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-94

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.

8285 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-WJR4-FPMR-3P4F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-16 00:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 00:00
VLAI
Details

Remote Desktop Client Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-43233"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-15T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Remote Desktop Client Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-wjr4-fpmr-3p4f",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T00:00:44Z",
  "published": "2021-12-16T00:01:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-43233"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WJRF-V3XH-X8JW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-13 21:30 – Updated: 2025-08-13 21:30
VLAI
Details

Traq versions 2.0 through 2.3 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in the admincp/common.php script. The flawed authorization logic fails to halt execution after a failed access check, allowing unauthenticated users to reach admin-only functionality. This can be exploited via plugins.php to inject and execute arbitrary PHP code.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-10013"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-13T21:15:28Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Traq versions 2.0 through 2.3 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in the admincp/common.php script. The flawed authorization logic fails to halt execution after a failed access check, allowing unauthenticated users to reach admin-only functionality. This can be exploited via plugins.php to inject and execute arbitrary PHP code.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjrf-v3xh-x8jw",
  "modified": "2025-08-13T21:30:29Z",
  "published": "2025-08-13T21:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-10013"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nirix/traq/releases/tag/v2.3.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/master/modules/exploits/multi/http/traq_plugin_exec.rb"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20110729003039/https://traqproject.org"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18213"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18239"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/traq-issue-tracking-system-rce"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WJRJ-JC3W-PPFW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-12 15:30 – Updated: 2023-02-24 16:01
VLAI
Summary
Code Injection in thorsten/phpmyfaq
Details

Code Injection in GitHub repository thorsten/phpmyfaq prior to 3.1.11.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "thorsten/phpmyfaq"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.11"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-0792"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-02-14T01:03:49Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-12T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Code Injection in GitHub repository thorsten/phpmyfaq prior to 3.1.11.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjrj-jc3w-ppfw",
  "modified": "2023-02-24T16:01:53Z",
  "published": "2023-02-12T15:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0792"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thorsten/phpmyfaq/commit/d8964568d69488de02f0a0a58acc822eeb5c3cb1"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/thorsten/phpMyFAQ"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/9e21156b-ab1d-4c60-88ef-8c9f3e2feb7f"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Code Injection in thorsten/phpmyfaq"
}

GHSA-WJVF-C62H-746V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:24 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:24
VLAI
Details

eGroupware before 1.8.006.20140217 allows remote attackers to conduct PHP object injection attacks, delete arbitrary files, and possibly execute arbitrary code via the (1) addr_fields or (2) trans parameter to addressbook/csv_import.php, (3) cal_fields or (4) trans parameter to calendar/csv_import.php, (5) info_fields or (6) trans parameter to csv_import.php in (a) projectmanager/ or (b) infolog/, or (7) processed parameter to preferences/inc/class.uiaclprefs.inc.php.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-2027"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2015-03-31T14:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "eGroupware before 1.8.006.20140217 allows remote attackers to conduct PHP object injection attacks, delete arbitrary files, and possibly execute arbitrary code via the (1) addr_fields or (2) trans parameter to addressbook/csv_import.php, (3) cal_fields or (4) trans parameter to calendar/csv_import.php, (5) info_fields or (6) trans parameter to csv_import.php in (a) projectmanager/ or (b) infolog/, or (7) processed parameter to preferences/inc/class.uiaclprefs.inc.php.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjvf-c62h-746v",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:24:36Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:24:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2027"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201711-12"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://advisories.mageia.org/MGASA-2014-0116.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/02/19/10"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/02/19/4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://sourceforge.net/projects/egroupware/files/eGroupware-1.8/README/download"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2015:087"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WJW8-QX38-G9M7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:07 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:07
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 does not properly handle objects in memory, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by accessing an object that (1) was not properly initialized or (2) is deleted, leading to memory corruption, aka "Uninitialized Memory Corruption Vulnerability."

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-3326"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-10-13T19:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 does not properly handle objects in memory, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by accessing an object that (1) was not properly initialized or (2) is deleted, leading to memory corruption, aka \"Uninitialized Memory Corruption Vulnerability.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-wjw8-qx38-g9m7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:07:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:07:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-3326"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2010/ms10-071"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A7207"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://support.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/100113324"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA10-285A.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WJX9-27X5-JWMF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-13 03:32 – Updated: 2026-01-13 03:32
VLAI
Details

SAP Landscape Transformation allows an attacker with admin privileges to exploit a vulnerability in the function module exposed via RFC. This flaw enables the injection of arbitrary ABAP code/OS commands into the system, bypassing essential authorization checks. This vulnerability effectively functions as a backdoor, creating the risk of full system compromise, undermining the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the system.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-0491"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-13T02:15:50Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "SAP Landscape Transformation allows an attacker with admin privileges to exploit a vulnerability in the function module exposed via RFC. This flaw enables the injection of arbitrary ABAP code/OS commands into the system, bypassing essential authorization checks. This vulnerability effectively functions as a backdoor, creating the risk of full system compromise, undermining the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the system.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjx9-27x5-jwmf",
  "modified": "2026-01-13T03:32:08Z",
  "published": "2026-01-13T03:32:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0491"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3697979"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WJXX-HXFJ-HFMH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-19 00:30 – Updated: 2025-04-30 15:30
VLAI
Details

In Linaro Automated Validation Architecture (LAVA) before 2022.11.1, remote code execution can be achieved through user-submitted Jinja2 template. The REST API endpoint for validating device configuration files in lava-server loads input as a Jinja2 template in a way that can be used to trigger remote code execution in the LAVA server.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-45132"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-18T23:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "In Linaro Automated Validation Architecture (LAVA) before 2022.11.1, remote code execution can be achieved through user-submitted Jinja2 template. The REST API endpoint for validating device configuration files in lava-server loads input as a Jinja2 template in a way that can be used to trigger remote code execution in the LAVA server.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjxx-hxfj-hfmh",
  "modified": "2025-04-30T15:30:40Z",
  "published": "2022-11-19T00:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45132"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.lavasoftware.org/archives/list/lava-announce%40lists.lavasoftware.org/thread/WHXGQMIZAPW3GCQEXYHC32N2ZAAAIYCY"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.lavasoftware.org/archives/list/lava-announce@lists.lavasoftware.org/thread/WHXGQMIZAPW3GCQEXYHC32N2ZAAAIYCY"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-vulnerabilities-code-execution-in-jinja-templates"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WM54-3XJP-VJMC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:36 – Updated: 2024-10-21 18:30
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01 SP4, 6, 6 SP1, 7, and 8 does not properly handle argument validation for unspecified variables, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML document, aka "HTML Component Handling Vulnerability."

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-2529"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-10-14T10:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01 SP4, 6, 6 SP1, 7, and 8 does not properly handle argument validation for unspecified variables, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML document, aka \"HTML Component Handling Vulnerability.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-wm54-3xjp-vjmc",
  "modified": "2024-10-21T18:30:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:36:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-2529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2009/ms09-054"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A6419"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA09-286A.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WM55-HW48-G8CV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:36 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:36
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, 6 SP1, 7, and 8 does not properly handle objects in memory, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by accessing an object that (1) was not properly initialized or (2) is deleted, leading to memory corruption, aka "Uninitialized Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2009-2530.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-2531"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-10-14T10:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, 6 SP1, 7, and 8 does not properly handle objects in memory, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by accessing an object that (1) was not properly initialized or (2) is deleted, leading to memory corruption, aka \"Uninitialized Memory Corruption Vulnerability,\" a different vulnerability than CVE-2009-2530.",
  "id": "GHSA-wm55-hw48-g8cv",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:36:09Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:36:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-2531"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2009/ms09-054"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A5766"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA09-286A.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WM5R-JW2J-WFCP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-28 09:30 – Updated: 2024-08-28 09:30
VLAI
Details

A code execution vulnerability exists in the XiaomiGetApps application product. This vulnerability is caused by the verification logic being bypassed, and an attacker can exploit this vulnerability to execute malicious code.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-45346"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-28T07:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A code execution vulnerability exists in the XiaomiGetApps application product. This vulnerability is caused by the verification logic being bypassed, and an attacker can exploit this vulnerability to execute malicious code.",
  "id": "GHSA-wm5r-jw2j-wfcp",
  "modified": "2024-08-28T09:30:34Z",
  "published": "2024-08-28T09:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45346"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://trust.mi.com/misrc/bulletins/advisory?cveId=545"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
  • Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing

Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-242: Code Injection

An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.