CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8342 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9CMG-X6P3-95G2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 01:51 – Updated: 2022-05-01 01:51PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in admin/header.php in PHP mcNews 1.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code by modifying the skinfile parameter to reference a URL on a remote web server that contains the code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2005-0720"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2005-03-08T05:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in admin/header.php in PHP mcNews 1.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code by modifying the skinfile parameter to reference a URL on a remote web server that contains the code.",
"id": "GHSA-9cmg-x6p3-95g2",
"modified": "2022-05-01T01:51:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T01:51:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2005-0720"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/19616"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=111025679324892\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/14528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/476277/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/12776"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9CQF-439C-J96R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-03 03:48 – Updated: 2026-06-06 00:23Impact
This is a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability caused by unsafe use of logging.config.dictConfig() with user-controlled input.
Kedro allows the logging configuration file path to be set via the KEDRO_LOGGING_CONFIG environment variable and loads it without validation. The logging configuration schema supports the special () key, which enables arbitrary callable instantiation. An attacker can exploit this to execute arbitrary system commands during application startup.
Patches
The vulnerability is fixed by introducing validation that rejects the unsafe () factory key in logging configurations before passing them to dictConfig().
Fixed in
- Kedro 1.3.0
Users should upgrade to this version as soon as possible.
Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible:
- Do not allow untrusted input to control the
KEDRO_LOGGING_CONFIGenvironment variable - Restrict write access to logging configuration files
- Avoid using externally supplied or dynamically generated logging configs
- Manually validate logging YAML to ensure it does not contain the
()key
These mitigations reduce risk but do not fully eliminate it.
References
- Python logging configuration documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#logging-config-dictschema
- CWE-94: Code Injection — https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/94.html
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "kedro"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35171"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-03T03:48:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-06T18:16:43Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThis is a **critical remote code execution (RCE)** vulnerability caused by unsafe use of `logging.config.dictConfig()` with user-controlled input.\n\nKedro allows the logging configuration file path to be set via the `KEDRO_LOGGING_CONFIG` environment variable and loads it without validation. The logging configuration schema supports the special `()` key, which enables arbitrary callable instantiation. An attacker can exploit this to execute arbitrary system commands during application startup.\n\n---\n\n### Patches\n\nThe vulnerability is fixed by introducing validation that rejects the unsafe `()` factory key in logging configurations before passing them to `dictConfig()`.\n\n#### Fixed in\n- Kedro 1.3.0\n\nUsers should upgrade to this version as soon as possible.\n\n---\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible:\n\n- Do not allow untrusted input to control the `KEDRO_LOGGING_CONFIG` environment variable \n- Restrict write access to logging configuration files \n- Avoid using externally supplied or dynamically generated logging configs \n- Manually validate logging YAML to ensure it does not contain the `()` key \n\nThese mitigations reduce risk but do not fully eliminate it.\n\n---\n\n### References\n\n- Python logging configuration documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#logging-config-dictschema \n- CWE-94: Code Injection \u2014 https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/94.html",
"id": "GHSA-9cqf-439c-j96r",
"modified": "2026-06-06T00:23:45Z",
"published": "2026-04-03T03:48:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kedro-org/kedro/security/advisories/GHSA-9cqf-439c-j96r"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35171"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kedro-org/kedro"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/kedro/PYSEC-2026-72.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Kedro has Arbitrary Code Execution via Malicious Logging Configuration"
}
GHSA-9CRV-FJ8P-224J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-27 09:30 – Updated: 2026-03-02 18:31Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution i.e Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Johnson Controls Frick Controls Quantum HD allows Code Injection.This issue affects Frick Controls Quantum HD version 10.22 and prior.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-21658"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-27T09:16:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution i.e Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Johnson Controls Frick Controls Quantum HD allows Code Injection.This issue affects Frick Controls Quantum HD version 10.22 and prior.",
"id": "GHSA-9crv-fj8p-224j",
"modified": "2026-03-02T18:31:41Z",
"published": "2026-02-27T09:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21658"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-057-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.johnsoncontrols.com/trust-center/cybersecurity/security-advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-9CV9-WM9C-G4RW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:30 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:30Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in DFD Cart 1.1.4 and earlier, when register_globals is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the set_depth parameter to (1) app.lib/product.control/core.php/product.control.config.php, or (2) customer.browse.list.php or (3) customer.browse.search.php in app.lib/product.control/core.php/customer.area/.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-5098"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-09-26T22:17:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in DFD Cart 1.1.4 and earlier, when register_globals is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the set_depth parameter to (1) app.lib/product.control/core.php/product.control.config.php, or (2) customer.browse.list.php or (3) customer.browse.search.php in app.lib/product.control/core.php/customer.area/.",
"id": "GHSA-9cv9-wm9c-g4rw",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:30:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:30:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-5098"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/36753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/4451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/37227"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/37228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/37229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/26920"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/25775"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/3255"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9F2F-C93P-H8XF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:47 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:47PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in init.php in Fast Click SQL Lite 1.1.7, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the CFG[CDIR] parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-4624"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-10-21T01:18:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in init.php in Fast Click SQL Lite 1.1.7, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the CFG[CDIR] parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-9f2f-c93p-h8xf",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:47:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:47:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-4624"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/45964"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6785"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32328"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/4454"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31817"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/2861"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9F52-83WM-3552
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-27 12:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Jose Content No Cache allows Code Injection. This issue affects Content No Cache: from n/a through 0.1.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-28993"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-27T12:15:33Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Jose Content No Cache allows Code Injection. This issue affects Content No Cache: from n/a through 0.1.3.",
"id": "GHSA-9f52-83wm-3552",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:34Z",
"published": "2025-06-27T12:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-28993"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/content-no-cache/vulnerability/wordpress-content-no-cache-plugin-0-1-3-arbitrary-function-call-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9F59-C2R5-558X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-13 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:46Code injection vulnerability exists in Chatwork Desktop Application (Mac) 2.6.43 and earlier. If this vulnerability is exploited, a non-administrative user of the Mac where the product is installed may store and obtain audio and image data from the product without the user's consent.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32546"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-13T10:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Code injection vulnerability exists in Chatwork Desktop Application (Mac) 2.6.43 and earlier. If this vulnerability is exploited, a non-administrative user of the Mac where the product is installed may store and obtain audio and image data from the product without the user\u0027s consent.",
"id": "GHSA-9f59-c2r5-558x",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:46:23Z",
"published": "2023-06-13T12:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32546"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://go.chatwork.com/ja/download"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN96828492"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9F63-4CGR-2GC5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:27 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:27Unspecified vulnerability in Microsoft Office Publisher 2000, 2002, and 2003 SP2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted .pub file, aka "Publisher Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-0104"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-02-12T23:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unspecified vulnerability in Microsoft Office Publisher 2000, 2002, and 2003 SP2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted .pub file, aka \"Publisher Memory Corruption Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-9f63-4cgr-2gc5",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:27:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:27:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0104"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2008/ms08-012"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A4547"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=120361015026386\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/28906"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/27740"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1019377"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA08-043C.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/0514/references"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9F68-5HCG-8WW5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-12 18:30 – Updated: 2024-08-15 00:30An issue in Prestashop v.8.1.7 and before allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the module upgrade functionality.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41651"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-918",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-12T17:15:17Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in Prestashop v.8.1.7 and before allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the module upgrade functionality.",
"id": "GHSA-9f68-5hcg-8ww5",
"modified": "2024-08-15T00:30:59Z",
"published": "2024-08-12T18:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Fckroun/CVE-2024-41651/tree/main"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9F6Q-QF7P-473X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:45 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:45Adobe Shockwave Player before 11.5.2.602 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted Shockwave content on a web site, related to an "invalid pointer vulnerability," a different issue than CVE-2009-3465. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-3464"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-11-04T15:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Adobe Shockwave Player before 11.5.2.602 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted Shockwave content on a web site, related to an \"invalid pointer vulnerability,\" a different issue than CVE-2009-3465. NOTE: some of these details are obtained from third party information.",
"id": "GHSA-9f6q-qf7p-473x",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:45:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:45:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-3464"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/54119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A6394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1023123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.adobe.com/support/security/bulletins/apsb09-16.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/36905"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/3134"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.