CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14700 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-GF86-X9MR-J23M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-12 09:30 – Updated: 2025-12-12 09:30The Hippoo Mobile App for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file write via a missing authorization check in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.1. This is due to the REST API endpoint /wp-json/hippoo/v1/wc/token/save_callback/{token_id} being registered with permission_callback => '__return_true', which allows unauthenticated access. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to write arbitrary JSON content to the server's publicly accessible upload directory via the vulnerable endpoint.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12655"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-12T07:15:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Hippoo Mobile App for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file write via a missing authorization check in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.1. This is due to the REST API endpoint `/wp-json/hippoo/v1/wc/token/save_callback/{token_id}` being registered with `permission_callback =\u003e \u0027__return_true\u0027`, which allows unauthenticated access. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to write arbitrary JSON content to the server\u0027s publicly accessible upload directory via the vulnerable endpoint.",
"id": "GHSA-gf86-x9mr-j23m",
"modified": "2025-12-12T09:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-12-12T09:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/hippoo/tags/1.6.1/app/utils.php#L1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/hippoo/tags/1.6.1/app/web_api.php#L117"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/hippoo/tags/1.6.1/app/web_api.php#L45"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d34701a0-c745-441c-8d6c-7befc877f8d0?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GF8C-4235-7G24
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in IT Path Solutions Contact Form to Any API allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Contact Form to Any API: from n/a through 1.1.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47871"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in IT Path Solutions Contact Form to Any API allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Contact Form to Any API: from n/a through 1.1.6.",
"id": "GHSA-gf8c-4235-7g24",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:21Z",
"published": "2024-12-09T15:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47871"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/contact-form-to-any-api/vulnerability/wordpress-contact-form-to-any-api-plugin-1-1-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GF8J-XG2W-58PX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-06 18:31 – Updated: 2024-09-06 18:31A missing authorization vulnerability has been reported to affect several QNAP operating system versions. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow local authenticated users to access data or perform actions that they should not be allowed to perform via unspecified vectors. QuTScloud, is not affected.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions: QTS 5.2.0.2737 build 20240417 and later QuTS hero h5.2.0.2782 build 20240601 and later
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-39298"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-06T17:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A missing authorization vulnerability has been reported to affect several QNAP operating system versions. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow local authenticated users to access data or perform actions that they should not be allowed to perform via unspecified vectors.\nQuTScloud, is not affected.\n\nWe have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions:\nQTS 5.2.0.2737 build 20240417 and later\nQuTS hero h5.2.0.2782 build 20240601 and later",
"id": "GHSA-gf8j-xg2w-58px",
"modified": "2024-09-06T18:31:33Z",
"published": "2024-09-06T18:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39298"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-24-28"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GF8W-6HCM-RH3J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:33 – Updated: 2023-10-27 13:10Jenkins Azure Key Vault Plugin 2.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.
This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.
An enumeration of credentials IDs in Jenkins Azure Key Vault Plugin 2.1 requires the appropriate permissions.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:azure-keyvault"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-2313"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-22T13:40:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-04T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Azure Key Vault Plugin 2.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.\n\nThis allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.\n\nAn enumeration of credentials IDs in Jenkins Azure Key Vault Plugin 2.1 requires the appropriate permissions.",
"id": "GHSA-gf8w-6hcm-rh3j",
"modified": "2023-10-27T13:10:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:33:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-2313"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/azure-keyvault-plugin/commit/f09ed652cc572d8ba5d7c8c8f9972fd241883c21"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/azure-keyvault-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2020-11-04/#SECURITY-2110"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing permission checks in Jenkins Azure Key Vault Plugin allow enumerating credentials IDs"
}
GHSA-GF93-XCCM-5G6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-04 15:43 – Updated: 2025-11-17 21:36Summary
Cross-namespace Secret access vulnerability in DiscoveryServiceCertificate allows users to bypass RBAC and access Secrets in unauthorized namespaces.
Affected Versions
All versions prior to v0.13.4
Patched Versions
v0.13.4 and later
Impact
Users with permission to create DiscoveryServiceCertificate resources in one namespace can indirectly read Secrets from other namespaces, completely bypassing Kubernetes RBAC security boundaries.
Workarounds
Restrict DiscoveryServiceCertificate create permissions to cluster administrators only until patched version is deployed.
Credit
Thanks to @debuggerchen for the responsible disclosure.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.13.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/3scale-sre/marin3r"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.13.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64171"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-11-04T15:43:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T01:15:38Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\nCross-namespace Secret access vulnerability in DiscoveryServiceCertificate \nallows users to bypass RBAC and access Secrets in unauthorized namespaces.\n\n## Affected Versions\nAll versions prior to v0.13.4\n\n## Patched Versions\nv0.13.4 and later\n\n## Impact\nUsers with permission to create DiscoveryServiceCertificate resources in one \nnamespace can indirectly read Secrets from other namespaces, completely \nbypassing Kubernetes RBAC security boundaries.\n\n## Workarounds\nRestrict DiscoveryServiceCertificate create permissions to cluster administrators \nonly until patched version is deployed.\n\n## Credit\nThanks to @debuggerchen for the responsible disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-gf93-xccm-5g6j",
"modified": "2025-11-17T21:36:00Z",
"published": "2025-11-04T15:43:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/3scale-sre/marin3r/security/advisories/GHSA-gf93-xccm-5g6j"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/3scale-sre/marin3r/pull/294"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/3scale-sre/marin3r/commit/859b14115fde1d67620e645cd1b62e90e30d9981"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/3scale-sre/marin3r/commit/c60246a43ae8c0c38dd7267f298d68a121a159fa"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/3scale-sre/marin3r"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "MARIN3R: Cross-Namespace Vulnerability in the Operator"
}
GHSA-GFGM-4G66-Q77W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-10 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32The Essential Grid Gallery WordPress Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.1.1 via the on_front_ajax_action() function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view private and password protected posts that may have private or sensitive information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-3235"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-10T05:15:50Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Essential Grid Gallery WordPress Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.1.1 via the on_front_ajax_action() function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view private and password protected posts that may have private or sensitive information.",
"id": "GHSA-gfgm-4g66-q77w",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:29Z",
"published": "2024-04-10T15:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://codecanyon.net/item/essential-grid-wordpress-plugin/7563340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.essential-grid.com/documentation/changelog"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/adadac1e-3d92-41a5-90d4-b2028c8c40c0?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GFGW-GPWW-F8C4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-26 18:38 – Updated: 2024-11-26 18:38The Ultimate YouTube Video & Shorts Player With Vimeo plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the del_ytsingvid() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete single playlists.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11354"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-21T11:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Ultimate YouTube Video \u0026 Shorts Player With Vimeo plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the del_ytsingvid() function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete single playlists.",
"id": "GHSA-gfgw-gpww-f8c4",
"modified": "2024-11-26T18:38:51Z",
"published": "2024-11-26T18:38:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-youtube-video-player/trunk/admin/admin.php#L17"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-youtube-video-player/trunk/admin/inc/handler/delsingvid.php#L8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/30c99510-fd57-4268-8e35-6f7e6f912b7e?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GFHX-J544-RW6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPFunnels WPFunnels wpfunnels allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WPFunnels: from n/a through <= 3.6.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67571"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:18:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPFunnels WPFunnels wpfunnels allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WPFunnels: from n/a through \u003c= 3.6.2.",
"id": "GHSA-gfhx-j544-rw6j",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:12Z",
"published": "2025-12-09T18:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67571"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wpfunnels/vulnerability/wordpress-wpfunnels-plugin-3-6-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wpfunnels/vulnerability/wordpress-wpfunnels-plugin-3-6-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GFJ2-M63M-4Q89
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-06 00:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:32The RSS Aggregator by Feedzy – Feed to Post, Autoblogging, News & YouTube Video Feeds Aggregator plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized data modification due to a missing capability check on the feedzy dashboard in all versions up to, and including, 4.4.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor access or higher, to create, edit or delete feed categories created by them.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1092"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-05T22:16:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The RSS Aggregator by Feedzy \u2013 Feed to Post, Autoblogging, News \u0026 YouTube Video Feeds Aggregator plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized data modification due to a missing capability check on the feedzy dashboard in all versions up to, and including, 4.4.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor access or higher, to create, edit or delete feed categories created by them.",
"id": "GHSA-gfj2-m63m-4q89",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:32:34Z",
"published": "2024-02-06T00:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1092"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3030538%40feedzy-rss-feeds%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3028200%40feedzy-rss-feeds%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3030538@feedzy-rss-feeds/trunk\u0026old=3028200@feedzy-rss-feeds/trunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/98053141-fe97-4bd4-b820-b6cca3426109?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GFM6-FCX7-CHMC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-01 00:30 – Updated: 2026-03-01 00:30wpForo Forum 2.4.14 contains a missing capability check vulnerability that allows authenticated users to trigger bulk wpForo usergroup reassignment via the wpforo_synch_roles AJAX handler. Attackers access the usergroups admin page, accessible to any authenticated user, to obtain a nonce, then remap all wpForo usergroups to arbitrary WordPress roles.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-28557"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-28T22:16:02Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "wpForo Forum 2.4.14 contains a missing capability check vulnerability that allows authenticated users to trigger bulk wpForo usergroup reassignment via the wpforo_synch_roles AJAX handler. Attackers access the usergroups admin page, accessible to any authenticated user, to obtain a nonce, then remap all wpForo usergroups to arbitrary WordPress roles.",
"id": "GHSA-gfm6-fcx7-chmc",
"modified": "2026-03-01T00:30:14Z",
"published": "2026-03-01T00:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28557"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wpforo"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wpforo/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wpforo-forum-privilege-escalation-via-role-synchronization-handler"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.