Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14700 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-GC52-RP4X-P95J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-26 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in CridioStudio ListingPro allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects ListingPro: from n/a through 2.9.8.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-60103"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-26T09:15:35Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in CridioStudio ListingPro allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects ListingPro: from n/a through 2.9.8.",
  "id": "GHSA-gc52-rp4x-p95j",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:21Z",
  "published": "2025-09-26T09:31:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60103"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/listingpro-plugin/vulnerability/wordpress-listingpro-plugin-2-9-8-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GC5C-42CC-8XGR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-26 06:32 – Updated: 2025-04-26 06:32
VLAI
Details

The Integração entre Eduzz e Woocommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'wep_opcoes' function in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to edit the default registration role within the plugin's registration flow to Administrator, which allows any user to create an Administrator account.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-3906"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-26T06:15:16Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Integra\u00e7\u00e3o entre Eduzz e Woocommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027wep_opcoes\u0027 function in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.5. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to edit the default registration role within the plugin\u0027s registration flow to Administrator, which allows any user to create an Administrator account.",
  "id": "GHSA-gc5c-42cc-8xgr",
  "modified": "2025-04-26T06:32:46Z",
  "published": "2025-04-26T06:32:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3906"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/integracao-entre-eduzz-e-wc-powers/trunk/admin/class-wep-admin.php#L120"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/integracao-entre-eduzz-e-wc-powers/trunk/include/class-wep-webhook.php#L7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/integracao-entre-eduzz-e-wc-powers/trunk/wep-powers.php#L19"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/eb85ed32-c391-45d2-9e86-cb97009210cd?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GC77-JRV9-6FJP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-09 03:31 – Updated: 2026-05-09 03:31
VLAI
Details

PgBouncer before 1.25.2 did not perform an appropriate authorization check for the KILL_CLIENT admin command. All users with access to the administration console (which itself requires authorization) could run this command. It would have been correct to allow only users listed in the admin_users parameter.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6667"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-09T01:16:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "PgBouncer before 1.25.2 did not perform an appropriate authorization check for the KILL_CLIENT admin command. All users with access to the administration console (which itself requires authorization) could run this command. It would have been correct to allow only users listed in the admin_users parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-gc77-jrv9-6fjp",
  "modified": "2026-05-09T03:31:22Z",
  "published": "2026-05-09T03:31:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6667"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.pgbouncer.org/changelog.html#pgbouncer-125x"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GC7M-X2CJ-3775

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-30 00:00 – Updated: 2022-11-29 22:00
VLAI
Summary
Missing permission check in Jenkins JiraTestResultReporter Plugin
Details

A missing permission check in Jenkins JiraTestResultReporter Plugin 165.v817928553942 and earlier allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified URL using attacker-specified credentials.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:JiraTestResultReporter"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "166.v0cc6208295b5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-28137"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-732",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-29T22:00:30Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-29T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A missing permission check in Jenkins JiraTestResultReporter Plugin 165.v817928553942 and earlier allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified URL using attacker-specified credentials.",
  "id": "GHSA-gc7m-x2cj-3775",
  "modified": "2022-11-29T22:00:30Z",
  "published": "2022-03-30T00:00:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28137"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/JiraTestResultReporter-plugin/commit/0cc6208295b5cb683528e8bf04d139f0bee8eb53"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/JiraTestResultReporter-plugin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2022-03-29/#SECURITY-2236"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/03/29/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Missing permission check in Jenkins JiraTestResultReporter Plugin"
}

GHSA-GC9R-867R-J85F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-17 21:51 – Updated: 2026-05-05 12:02
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: Microsoft Teams SSO invoke handler missed sender authorization checks
Details

Summary

Microsoft Teams SSO invoke handler missed sender authorization checks.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw
  • Ecosystem: npm
  • Affected versions: >= 2026.4.10 < 2026.4.14
  • Patched versions: >= 2026.4.14

Impact

Microsoft Teams SSO signin invoke handling could process an invoke from a sender before applying the same sender allowlist checks used by normal message handling.

Technical Details

The fix routes SSO invoke handling through the Teams sender authorization path and adds coverage for denied senders.

Fix

The issue was fixed in #66033. The first stable tag containing the fix is v2026.4.14, and openclaw@2026.4.14 includes the fix.

Fix Commit(s)

  • 80b1fa17bfc3f6a668492f0326ea52f48bb89776
  • PR: #66033

Release Process Note

Users should upgrade to openclaw 2026.4.14 or newer. The latest npm release, 2026.4.14, already includes the fix.

Credits

Thanks to @zsxsoft, with sponsorship from @KeenSecurityLab and @qclawer for reporting this issue.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2026.4.10"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.4.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-43572"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-17T21:51:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nMicrosoft Teams SSO invoke handler missed sender authorization checks.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw`\n- Ecosystem: npm\n- Affected versions: `\u003e= 2026.4.10 \u003c 2026.4.14`\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.4.14`\n\n## Impact\n\nMicrosoft Teams SSO signin invoke handling could process an invoke from a sender before applying the same sender allowlist checks used by normal message handling.\n\n## Technical Details\n\nThe fix routes SSO invoke handling through the Teams sender authorization path and adds coverage for denied senders.\n\n## Fix\n\nThe issue was fixed in #66033. The first stable tag containing the fix is `v2026.4.14`, and `openclaw@2026.4.14` includes the fix.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `80b1fa17bfc3f6a668492f0326ea52f48bb89776`\n- PR: #66033\n\n## Release Process Note\n\nUsers should upgrade to `openclaw` 2026.4.14 or newer. The latest npm release, `2026.4.14`, already includes the fix.\n\n## Credits\n\nThanks to @zsxsoft, with sponsorship from @KeenSecurityLab and @qclawer for reporting this issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-gc9r-867r-j85f",
  "modified": "2026-05-05T12:02:33Z",
  "published": "2026-04-17T21:51:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-gc9r-867r-j85f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/pull/66033"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/80b1fa17bfc3f6a668492f0326ea52f48bb89776"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: Microsoft Teams SSO invoke handler missed sender authorization checks"
}

GHSA-GCCM-257V-26XF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-02 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Xtemos WoodMart allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WoodMart: from n/a through 7.2.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-32240"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-02T15:15:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Xtemos WoodMart allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WoodMart: from n/a through 7.2.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-gccm-257v-26xf",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:30Z",
  "published": "2025-01-02T15:31:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32240"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/woodmart/vulnerability/wordpress-woodmart-theme-7-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GCCR-753X-M5X3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-05 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:31
VLAI
Details

In Audio Service, there is a possible way to obtain MAC addresses of nearby Bluetooth devices due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-0028"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-05T17:15:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Audio Service, there is a possible way to obtain MAC addresses of nearby Bluetooth devices due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-gccr-753x-m5x3",
  "modified": "2025-09-05T18:31:25Z",
  "published": "2025-09-05T18:31:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0028"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/android-16"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GCF2-X38G-F7W4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-22 06:31 – Updated: 2026-05-22 06:31
VLAI
Details

There is an an information disclosure vulnerability in ZTE MU5250. Due to improper configuration of the access control mechanism, attackers can obtain information without authorization, causing the risk of information disclosure.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44409"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-22T05:16:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "There is an an information disclosure vulnerability in ZTE MU5250. Due to improper configuration of the access control mechanism, attackers can obtain information without authorization, causing the risk of information disclosure.",
  "id": "GHSA-gcf2-x38g-f7w4",
  "modified": "2026-05-22T06:31:38Z",
  "published": "2026-05-22T06:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44409"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.zte.com.cn/zte-iccp-isupport-webui/bulletin/detail/3711746568357343342"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GCFR-FVMF-668M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-15 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-15 06:30
VLAI
Details

The WP01 plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Download in all versions up to, and including, 2.6.2 due to a missing capability check and insufficient restrictions on the make_archive() function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to download and read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-2267"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-15T04:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WP01 plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Download in all versions up to, and including, 2.6.2 due to a missing capability check and insufficient restrictions on the make_archive() function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to download and read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information.",
  "id": "GHSA-gcfr-fvmf-668m",
  "modified": "2025-03-15T06:30:34Z",
  "published": "2025-03-15T06:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2267"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp01/trunk/inc/class-wp01.php#L109"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/900d09e8-ded5-49b9-81bf-ddfc85d3cf2b?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GCH6-CFHH-C44P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 09:31 – Updated: 2026-02-18 09:31
VLAI
Details

The Gutenberg Blocks with AI by Kadence WP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 3.6.1. This is due to a missing capability check in the process_image_data_ajax_callback() function which handles the kadence_import_process_image_data AJAX action. The function's authorization check via verify_ajax_call() only validates edit_posts capability but fails to check for the upload_files capability. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to upload arbitrary images from remote URLs to the WordPress Media Library, bypassing the standard WordPress capability restriction that prevents Contributors from uploading files.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-2633"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-18T07:16:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Gutenberg Blocks with AI by Kadence WP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 3.6.1. This is due to a missing capability check in the `process_image_data_ajax_callback()` function which handles the `kadence_import_process_image_data` AJAX action. The function\u0027s authorization check via `verify_ajax_call()` only validates `edit_posts` capability but fails to check for the `upload_files` capability. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to upload arbitrary images from remote URLs to the WordPress Media Library, bypassing the standard WordPress capability restriction that prevents Contributors from uploading files.",
  "id": "GHSA-gch6-cfhh-c44p",
  "modified": "2026-02-18T09:31:04Z",
  "published": "2026-02-18T09:31:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/kadence-blocks/tags/3.5.32/includes/class-kadence-blocks-prebuilt-library.php#L1177"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/kadence-blocks/tags/3.5.32/includes/class-kadence-blocks-prebuilt-library.php#L789"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3454881%40kadence-blocks%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3453204%40kadence-blocks%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/9c06e0a9-a13a-4cee-a1a5-c43c114b2dbf?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.