CWE-841
Weakness AllowedImproper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product supports a session in which more than one behavior must be performed by an actor, but it does not properly ensure that the actor performs the behaviors in the required sequence or timeframe.
Technical nuance
Workflow-related behaviors include:
Steps are performed in the expected order.
Required steps are not omitted.
Steps are not interrupted.
Steps are performed in a timely fashion.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Improper
- Behavior-Type: Enforcement
- Behavior-Type: Behavioral Workflow
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Modes of introduction
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Notes
Relationship
This is different than CWE-696, which focuses on when the product performs actions in the wrong sequence; this entry is closely related, but it is focused on ensuring that the actor performs actions in the correct sequence.
Research Gap
This weakness is typically associated with business logic flaws, except when it produces resultant weaknesses.
The classification of business logic flaws has been under-studied, although exploitation of business flaws frequently happens in real-world systems, and many applied vulnerability researchers investigate them. The greatest focus is in web applications. There is debate within the community about whether these problems represent particularly new concepts, or if they are variations of well-known principles.
Many business logic flaws appear to be oriented toward business processes, application flows, and sequences of behaviors, which are not as well-represented in CWE as weaknesses related to input validation, memory management, etc.
Content history
Reported an error in a demonstrative example
updated Common_Consequences
updated Common_Consequences, Observed_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Common_Consequences, Description
updated References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Relationships, Type, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Dimensions, Relationship_Notes, Relationships, Technical_Nuance
144 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-128032 (GCVE-0-2026-128032)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 09:33 – Updated: 2026-11-13 16:01- CWE-841 - Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/commit/ae… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openmage-mag… | third-party-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenMage | magento-lts |
Affected:
0 , < 20.18.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 20.18.2 (semver) |
|
| OpenMage | magento-lts |
Affected:
21.0.0-beta1 , < 21.0.0-beta3
(semver)
Unaffected: 21.0.0-beta3 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-124576 (GCVE-0-2026-124576)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 07:00 – Updated: 2026-11-12 14:39 X_Open Source| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432922 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432922/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124576 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1038160 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/beikeshop/beikeshop/security/a… | broken-link |
| https://github.com/beikeshop/beikeshop/commit/6cf… | patch |
| https://github.com/beikeshop/beikeshop/releases/t… | patch |
| https://github.com/beikeshop/beikeshop/ | product |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | BeikeShop |
Affected:
2.0.0.0
Affected: 2.0.0.1 Affected: 2.0.0.2 Affected: 2.0.0.3 Affected: 2.0.0.4 Affected: 2.0.0.5 Affected: 2.0.0.6 Affected: 2.0.0.7 Affected: 2.0.0.8 Affected: 2.0.0.9 Affected: 2.0.0.10 Affected: 2.0.0.11 Affected: 2.0.0.12 Affected: 2.0.0.13 Affected: 2.0.0.14 Affected: 2.0.0.15 Affected: 2.0.0.16 Affected: 2.0.0.17 Affected: 2.0.0.18 Affected: 2.0.0.19 Affected: 2.0.0.20 Affected: 2.0.0.21 Affected: 2.0.0.22 Affected: 2.0.0.23 Affected: 2.0.0.24 Affected: 2.0.0.25 Affected: 2.0.0.26 Affected: 2.0.0.27 Affected: 2.0.0.28 Affected: 2.0.0.29 Affected: 2.0.0.30 Affected: 2.0.0.31 Unaffected: 2.0.0.32 cpe:2.3:a:beikeshop:beikeshop:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-124566 (GCVE-0-2026-124566)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 04:30 – Updated: 2026-11-09 14:06| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432898 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432898/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124566 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1035644 | third-party-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| fushengqian | fuint |
Affected:
36cc31b08d77facc94e8959afa02224891b4fe5f
cpe:2.3:a:fushengqian:fuint:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-123788 (GCVE-0-2026-123788)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-06 21:15 – Updated: 2026-11-11 03:36 X_Open Source| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431934 | vdb-entry |
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| https://github.com/chenyme/grok2api/ | product |
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CVE-2026-119558 (GCVE-0-2026-119558)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 11:31 – Updated: 2026-11-04 22:19- CWE-841 - Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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| https://github.com/opencart/opencart | product |
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CVE-2026-115248 (GCVE-0-2026-115248)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 13:30 – Updated: 2026-10-29 02:14| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/425221 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/425221/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-115248 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1021709 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/subhajitkhan/online-clinic-man… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/subhajitkhan/online-clinic-man… | product |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| subhajitkhan | online-clinic-management-system |
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e9ee77a8827a1446220fa07ee693dc4d9a29a578
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CVE-2026-109231 (GCVE-0-2026-109231)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-31 09:29 – Updated: 2026-11-03 19:10- CWE-841 - Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| vendidero | Germanized for WooCommerce |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.1.4
(semver)
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CVE-2026-108789 (GCVE-0-2026-108789)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-12 02:15 – Updated: 2026-10-13 14:22| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/416568 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/416568/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-108789 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/959699 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness/d… | related |
| https://mcniyfj5bw9b.feishu.cn/docx/M5H6d9AbioNft… | exploit |
| https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness/ | product |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| deepseek-ai | deepseek-harness |
Affected:
0.1.1-rc.0
Affected: 0.1.1-rc.1 Affected: 0.1.1-rc.2 cpe:2.3:a:deepseek-ai:deepseek-harness:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-104626 (GCVE-0-2026-104626)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 19:23 – Updated: 2026-10-07 20:19- CWE-841 - Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/security/adviso… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/pull/39399 | patch |
| https://blog.gitea.com/release-of-28.0.0/ | release-notes |
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CVE-2026-103977 (GCVE-0-2026-103977)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 20:38 – Updated: 2026-10-20 02:10| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/error311/FileRise/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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},
{
"name": "https://github.com/error311/FileRise/commit/cc1118923b522baff28dca05bdd79c27f984c68a",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/error311/FileRise/commit/cc1118923b522baff28dca05bdd79c27f984c68a"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/error311/FileRise/releases/tag/v3.23.0",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/error311/FileRise/releases/tag/v3.23.0"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-4hfj-6478-5cv7",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "FileRise: Session-scoped TOTP rate limiting permits repeated verification attempts"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-103977",
"datePublished": "2026-10-14T20:38:39.485Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-01T16:09:08.456Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-20T02:10:25.191Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.