Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-284

Discouraged

Improper Access Control

Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete

The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.

7803 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-4MW4-68H4-2PJ4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-17 21:30 – Updated: 2025-09-17 21:30
VLAI
Details

A security flaw has been discovered in itsourcecode E-Commerce Website 1.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file /admin/users.php. The manipulation results in unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-10616"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-17T21:15:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A security flaw has been discovered in itsourcecode E-Commerce Website 1.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file /admin/users.php. The manipulation results in unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited.",
  "id": "GHSA-4mw4-68h4-2pj4",
  "modified": "2025-09-17T21:30:43Z",
  "published": "2025-09-17T21:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10616"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/yihaofuweng/cve/issues/24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://itsourcecode.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.324643"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.324643"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.649912"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4MXW-7RP7-FHJR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-22 09:30 – Updated: 2025-06-23 21:31
VLAI
Details

It technically possible for a user to upload a file to a conversation despite the file upload functionality being disabled.

The file upload functionality can be enabled or disabled for specific use cases through configuration. In case the functionality is disabled for at least one use case, the system nevertheless allows files to be uploaded through direct API requests. During the upload file, interception and allowed file type rules are still applied correctly.

If file sharing is generally enabled, this issue is not of concern.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-3518"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-22T09:15:15Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "It technically possible for a user to upload a file to a conversation despite the file upload functionality being disabled.\n\nThe file upload functionality can be enabled or disabled for specific use cases through configuration. In case the functionality is disabled for at least one use case, the system nevertheless allows files to be uploaded through direct API requests. During the upload file, interception and allowed file type rules are still applied correctly.\n\nIf file sharing is generally enabled, this issue is not of concern.",
  "id": "GHSA-4mxw-7rp7-fhjr",
  "modified": "2025-06-23T21:31:24Z",
  "published": "2025-04-22T09:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3518"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unblu.com/en/docs/latest/security-bulletins/#UBL-2025-002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4P4F-FC8Q-84M3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-07 18:15 – Updated: 2026-04-28 18:22
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: iOS A2UI bridge trusted generic local-network pages for agent.request dispatch
Details

Summary

Before OpenClaw 2026.4.2, the iOS A2UI bridge treated generic local-network pages as trusted bridge origins. A page loaded from a local-network or tailnet host could trigger agent.request dispatch without the stricter trusted-canvas origin check.

Impact

A loaded attacker-controlled page could inject unauthorized non-owner agent.request runs into the active iOS node session, polluting session state and consuming budget. The demonstrated impact did not include owner-only actions or arbitrary host execution.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw (npm)
  • Affected versions: <= 2026.4.1
  • Patched versions: >= 2026.4.2
  • Latest published npm version: 2026.4.1

Fix Commit(s)

49d08382a90f71dabe2877b3f6729ad85f808d57 — restrict A2UI action dispatch to trusted canvas URLs

Release Process Note

The fix is present on main and is staged for OpenClaw 2026.4.2. Publish this advisory after the 2026.4.2 npm release is live.

Thanks @nexrin for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.4.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.4.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41398"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-07T18:15:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\nBefore OpenClaw 2026.4.2, the iOS A2UI bridge treated generic local-network pages as trusted bridge origins. A page loaded from a local-network or tailnet host could trigger agent.request dispatch without the stricter trusted-canvas origin check.\n\n## Impact\nA loaded attacker-controlled page could inject unauthorized non-owner agent.request runs into the active iOS node session, polluting session state and consuming budget. The demonstrated impact did not include owner-only actions or arbitrary host execution.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: openclaw (npm)\n- Affected versions: \u003c= 2026.4.1\n- Patched versions: \u003e= 2026.4.2\n- Latest published npm version: 2026.4.1\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n49d08382a90f71dabe2877b3f6729ad85f808d57 \u2014 restrict A2UI action dispatch to trusted canvas URLs\n\n## Release Process Note\nThe fix is present on main and is staged for OpenClaw 2026.4.2. Publish this advisory after the 2026.4.2 npm release is live.\n\nThanks [@nexrin](https://github.com/nexrin) for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-4p4f-fc8q-84m3",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T18:22:08Z",
  "published": "2026-04-07T18:15:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-4p4f-fc8q-84m3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/49d08382a90f71dabe2877b3f6729ad85f808d57"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: iOS A2UI bridge trusted generic local-network pages for agent.request dispatch"
}

GHSA-4P69-RXMQ-26C6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-07 18:33 – Updated: 2025-06-07 18:33
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in SourceCodester Client Database Management System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /user_update_customer_order.php. The manipulation of the argument uploaded_file leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-5840"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-07T18:15:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in SourceCodester Client Database Management System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /user_update_customer_order.php. The manipulation of the argument uploaded_file leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely.",
  "id": "GHSA-4p69-rxmq-26c6",
  "modified": "2025-06-07T18:33:10Z",
  "published": "2025-06-07T18:33:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5840"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/592833263/cve/issues/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311583"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.311583"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.591425"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sourcecodester.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4P9J-V8R7-7W39

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-10 12:01 – Updated: 2022-11-10 19:01
VLAI
Details

Improper access control vulnerability in clearAllGlobalProxy in MiscPolicy prior to SMR Nov-2022 Release 1 allows local attacker to configure EDM setting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-39887"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-732"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-09T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Improper access control vulnerability in clearAllGlobalProxy in MiscPolicy prior to SMR Nov-2022 Release 1 allows local attacker to configure EDM setting.",
  "id": "GHSA-4p9j-v8r7-7w39",
  "modified": "2022-11-10T19:01:09Z",
  "published": "2022-11-10T12:01:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39887"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2022\u0026month=11"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4P9R-M5Q5-M33P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-14 21:31 – Updated: 2023-11-14 21:31
VLAI
Details

Improper access control for some Intel Unison software may allow a privileged user to potentially enable denial of service via local access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-41659"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-14T19:15:12Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Improper access control for some Intel Unison software may allow a privileged user to potentially enable denial of service via local access.",
  "id": "GHSA-4p9r-m5q5-m33p",
  "modified": "2023-11-14T21:31:00Z",
  "published": "2023-11-14T21:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41659"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00963.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4PCG-GFM2-CVG4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-04 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:17
VLAI
Details

An improper access control flaw was found in Candlepin. An attacker can create data scoped under another customer/tenant, which can result in loss of confidentiality and availability for the affected customer/tenant.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1832"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-10-04T14:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An improper access control flaw was found in Candlepin. An attacker can create data scoped under another customer/tenant, which can result in loss of confidentiality and availability for the affected customer/tenant.",
  "id": "GHSA-4pcg-gfm2-cvg4",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T08:17:18Z",
  "published": "2023-10-04T15:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1832"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-1832"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2184364"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4PFH-329G-GQPR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-23 12:31 – Updated: 2025-09-23 12:31
VLAI
Details

danny-avila/librechat is affected by an authorization bypass vulnerability due to improper access control checks. The checkAccess function in api/server/middleware/roles/access.js uses permissions.some() to validate permissions, which incorrectly grants access if only one of multiple required permissions is present. This allows users with the 'USER' role to create agents despite having CREATE: false permission, as the check for ['USE', 'CREATE'] passes with just USE: true. This vulnerability affects other permission checks as well, such as PROMPTS. The issue is present in all versions prior to the fix.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-7106"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-639"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-23T10:15:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "danny-avila/librechat is affected by an authorization bypass vulnerability due to improper access control checks. The `checkAccess` function in `api/server/middleware/roles/access.js` uses `permissions.some()` to validate permissions, which incorrectly grants access if only one of multiple required permissions is present. This allows users with the \u0027USER\u0027 role to create agents despite having `CREATE: false` permission, as the check for `[\u0027USE\u0027, \u0027CREATE\u0027]` passes with just `USE: true`. This vulnerability affects other permission checks as well, such as `PROMPTS`. The issue is present in all versions prior to the fix.",
  "id": "GHSA-4pfh-329g-gqpr",
  "modified": "2025-09-23T12:31:11Z",
  "published": "2025-09-23T12:31:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7106"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/danny-avila/librechat/commit/91a2df47599c09d80886bfc28e0ccf1debd42110"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/7de2765b-d1fe-4495-9144-220070857c48"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4PFX-JFJ6-Q6CH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-16 09:30 – Updated: 2024-10-16 09:30
VLAI
Details

The NextScripts: Social Networks Auto-Poster plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to missing capability checks on multiple user privilege/security functions provided in versions up to, and including 4.3.17. This makes it possible for low-privileged attackers, like subscribers, to perform restricted actions that would be otherwise locked to a administrative-level user.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-36831"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-16T07:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The NextScripts: Social Networks Auto-Poster plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to missing capability checks on multiple user privilege/security functions provided in versions up to, and including 4.3.17. This makes it possible for low-privileged attackers, like subscribers, to perform restricted actions that would be otherwise locked to a administrative-level user.",
  "id": "GHSA-4pfx-jfj6-q6ch",
  "modified": "2024-10-16T09:30:30Z",
  "published": "2024-10-16T09:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36831"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2020/09/insufficient-privilege-validation-in-nextscripts-social-networks-auto-poster.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/0641578b-16b9-4d79-af69-b4886840da36"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/wordpress-plugin-nextscripts-social-networks-auto-poster-security-bypass-4-3-17"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/3709465d-6d67-45bd-abb9-4875065b8129?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4PG3-PRVR-6562

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-08 15:32 – Updated: 2026-07-08 15:32
VLAI
Details

Capgo before 12.128.2 contains a policy bypass vulnerability in app_versions update enforcement that allows app-scoped API keys to downgrade encrypted bundles to non-encrypted state. Attackers with app-scoped all API keys can directly update the app_versions table via PostgREST to clear session_key and key_id fields, bypassing organization-enforced encrypted-bundle policies and weakening OTA security controls.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56217"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-08T14:17:15Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Capgo before 12.128.2 contains a policy bypass vulnerability in app_versions update enforcement that allows app-scoped API keys to downgrade encrypted bundles to non-encrypted state. Attackers with app-scoped all API keys can directly update the app_versions table via PostgREST to clear session_key and key_id fields, bypassing organization-enforced encrypted-bundle policies and weakening OTA security controls.",
  "id": "GHSA-4pg3-prvr-6562",
  "modified": "2026-07-08T15:32:00Z",
  "published": "2026-07-08T15:32:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Cap-go/capgo/security/advisories/GHSA-4qwf-mrgx-mvfx"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/capgo-encrypted-bundle-policy-bypass-via-direct-postgrest-update"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-1
Architecture and Design Operation

Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts

An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.

CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion

An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.

CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration

An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.

CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.

CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof

An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.

CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure

An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.

CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration

An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.

CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment

An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.

CAPEC-550: Install New Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.

CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.

CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.

CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers

When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.

CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable

An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.

CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File

An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.

CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot

An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.

CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon

Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.

CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software

An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.