Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

11419 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-4V68-H86G-72P3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:14 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:14
VLAI
Details

The vga_draw_text function in Qemu allows local OS guest privileged users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and QEMU process crash) by leveraging improper memory address validation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-5683"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-01-23T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The vga_draw_text function in Qemu allows local OS guest privileged users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and QEMU process crash) by leveraging improper memory address validation.",
  "id": "GHSA-4v68-h86g-72p3",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:14:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:14:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5683"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0816"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:1104"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2162"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2018/09/msg00007.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2018-01/msg02597.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3575-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4213"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2018/01/15/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102518"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4V8W-V3FQ-RJ46

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:50 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:50
VLAI
Details

libdw in elfutils 0.173 checks the end of the attributes list incorrectly in dwarf_getabbrev in dwarf_getabbrev.c and dwarf_hasattr in dwarf_hasattr.c, leading to a heap-based buffer over-read and an application crash.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-16403"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-09-03T19:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "libdw in elfutils 0.173 checks the end of the attributes list incorrectly in dwarf_getabbrev in dwarf_getabbrev.c and dwarf_hasattr in dwarf_hasattr.c, leading to a heap-based buffer over-read and an application crash.",
  "id": "GHSA-4v8w-v3fq-rj46",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:50:20Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:50:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16403"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:2197"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=23529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceware.org/git/?p=elfutils.git;a=commit;h=6983e59b727458a6c64d9659c85f08218bc4fcda"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4012-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-06/msg00052.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4V99-R46P-GX3V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-06-29 21:31
VLAI
Details

An out-of-bounds read in the ext4_ext_binsearch_idx function in src/ext4_extent.c of the lwext4 1.0.0 library allows attackers to cause a denial of service by supplying a specially crafted ext4 filesystem image. The vulnerability occurs due to insufficient validation of extent header fields before performing a binary search over extent index entries, which can result in invalid pointer calculations and an out-of-bounds memory read during extent tree traversal.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-70101"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-03T14:16:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An out-of-bounds read in the ext4_ext_binsearch_idx function in src/ext4_extent.c of the lwext4 1.0.0 library allows attackers to cause a denial of service by supplying a specially crafted ext4 filesystem image. The vulnerability occurs due to insufficient validation of extent header fields before performing a binary search over extent index entries, which can result in invalid pointer calculations and an out-of-bounds memory read during extent tree traversal.",
  "id": "GHSA-4v99-r46p-gx3v",
  "modified": "2026-06-29T21:31:55Z",
  "published": "2026-06-03T15:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-70101"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/gkostka/lwext4/issues/91"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sigdevel/pocs/blob/main/res/lwext4/3/sig11_lwext4_ext4_extent_815"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://infosec.exchange/@sigdevel/116668958927817708"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/29/6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4V9J-GJ67-3377

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-07 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-07 00:00
VLAI
Details

Adobe Photoshop versions 22.5.6 (and earlier) and 23.2.2 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability when parsing a crafted file, which could result in a read past the end of an allocated memory structure. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-28274"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-05-06T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Photoshop versions 22.5.6 (and earlier) and 23.2.2 (and earlier) are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability when parsing a crafted file, which could result in a read past the end of an allocated memory structure. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
  "id": "GHSA-4v9j-gj67-3377",
  "modified": "2022-05-07T00:00:35Z",
  "published": "2022-05-07T00:00:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28274"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/photoshop/apsb22-20.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4V9X-QXMV-4H58

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-15 03:31 – Updated: 2025-02-18 18:33
VLAI
Details

Out of bounds memory access in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 133.0.6943.98 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside a sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-0998"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-15T02:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Out of bounds memory access in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 133.0.6943.98 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside a sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-4v9x-qxmv-4h58",
  "modified": "2025-02-18T18:33:21Z",
  "published": "2025-02-15T03:31:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0998"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2025/02/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_12.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/386857213"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4VCG-FXHP-X6WF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 00:52 – Updated: 2022-05-14 00:52
VLAI
Details

Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2018.011.20063 and earlier, 2017.011.30102 and earlier, and 2015.006.30452 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-15943"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-10-12T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2018.011.20063 and earlier, 2017.011.30102 and earlier, and 2015.006.30452 and earlier have an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to information disclosure.",
  "id": "GHSA-4vcg-fxhp-x6wf",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T00:52:57Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T00:52:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15943"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb18-30.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105439"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041809"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4VFC-CJFG-MV6G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-08 18:33 – Updated: 2024-10-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

Windows Mobile Broadband Driver Denial of Service Vulnerability

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-43561"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-08T18:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Windows Mobile Broadband Driver Denial of Service Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-4vfc-cjfg-mv6g",
  "modified": "2024-10-08T18:33:16Z",
  "published": "2024-10-08T18:33:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43561"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-43561"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4VG3-JCCF-V87H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:16 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:39
VLAI
Details

The faacEncOpen function in libfaac/frame.c in Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC) 1.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid memory read and application crash) via a crafted wav file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-9130"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-06-21T07:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The faacEncOpen function in libfaac/frame.c in Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC) 1.28 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid memory read and application crash) via a crafted wav file.",
  "id": "GHSA-4vg3-jccf-v87h",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:39:25Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:16:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9130"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42207"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4VH7-R4M9-4W3V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:49 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:49
VLAI
Details

In BIND 9.5.0 -> 9.11.29, 9.12.0 -> 9.16.13, and versions BIND 9.11.3-S1 -> 9.11.29-S1 and 9.16.8-S1 -> 9.16.13-S1 of BIND Supported Preview Edition, as well as release versions 9.17.0 -> 9.17.1 of the BIND 9.17 development branch, BIND servers are vulnerable if they are running an affected version and are configured to use GSS-TSIG features. In a configuration which uses BIND's default settings the vulnerable code path is not exposed, but a server can be rendered vulnerable by explicitly setting values for the tkey-gssapi-keytab or tkey-gssapi-credential configuration options. Although the default configuration is not vulnerable, GSS-TSIG is frequently used in networks where BIND is integrated with Samba, as well as in mixed-server environments that combine BIND servers with Active Directory domain controllers. For servers that meet these conditions, the ISC SPNEGO implementation is vulnerable to various attacks, depending on the CPU architecture for which BIND was built: For named binaries compiled for 64-bit platforms, this flaw can be used to trigger a buffer over-read, leading to a server crash. For named binaries compiled for 32-bit platforms, this flaw can be used to trigger a server crash due to a buffer overflow and possibly also to achieve remote code execution. We have determined that standard SPNEGO implementations are available in the MIT and Heimdal Kerberos libraries, which support a broad range of operating systems, rendering the ISC implementation unnecessary and obsolete. Therefore, to reduce the attack surface for BIND users, we will be removing the ISC SPNEGO implementation in the April releases of BIND 9.11 and 9.16 (it had already been dropped from BIND 9.17). We would not normally remove something from a stable ESV (Extended Support Version) of BIND, but since system libraries can replace the ISC SPNEGO implementation, we have made an exception in this case for reasons of stability and security.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-25216"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125",
      "CWE-190",
      "CWE-617"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-04-29T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "In BIND 9.5.0 -\u003e 9.11.29, 9.12.0 -\u003e 9.16.13, and versions BIND 9.11.3-S1 -\u003e 9.11.29-S1 and 9.16.8-S1 -\u003e 9.16.13-S1 of BIND Supported Preview Edition, as well as release versions 9.17.0 -\u003e 9.17.1 of the BIND 9.17 development branch, BIND servers are vulnerable if they are running an affected version and are configured to use GSS-TSIG features. In a configuration which uses BIND\u0027s default settings the vulnerable code path is not exposed, but a server can be rendered vulnerable by explicitly setting values for the tkey-gssapi-keytab or tkey-gssapi-credential configuration options. Although the default configuration is not vulnerable, GSS-TSIG is frequently used in networks where BIND is integrated with Samba, as well as in mixed-server environments that combine BIND servers with Active Directory domain controllers. For servers that meet these conditions, the ISC SPNEGO implementation is vulnerable to various attacks, depending on the CPU architecture for which BIND was built: For named binaries compiled for 64-bit platforms, this flaw can be used to trigger a buffer over-read, leading to a server crash. For named binaries compiled for 32-bit platforms, this flaw can be used to trigger a server crash due to a buffer overflow and possibly also to achieve remote code execution. We have determined that standard SPNEGO implementations are available in the MIT and Heimdal Kerberos libraries, which support a broad range of operating systems, rendering the ISC implementation unnecessary and obsolete. Therefore, to reduce the attack surface for BIND users, we will be removing the ISC SPNEGO implementation in the April releases of BIND 9.11 and 9.16 (it had already been dropped from BIND 9.17). We would not normally remove something from a stable ESV (Extended Support Version) of BIND, but since system libraries can replace the ISC SPNEGO implementation, we have made an exception in this case for reasons of stability and security.",
  "id": "GHSA-4vh7-r4m9-4w3v",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:49:12Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:49:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25216"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-389290.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.isc.org/v1/docs/cve-2021-25215"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/05/msg00001.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210521-0006"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4909"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-657"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/04/29/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/04/29/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/04/29/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/04/29/4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4VHH-62FM-H9P4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-13 21:30 – Updated: 2025-05-13 21:30
VLAI
Details

Out-of-bounds read for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20026"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-125"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-13T21:16:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Out-of-bounds read for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access.",
  "id": "GHSA-4vhh-62fm-h9p4",
  "modified": "2025-05-13T21:30:55Z",
  "published": "2025-05-13T21:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20026"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01270.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.