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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntcp: do not accept ACK of bytes we never sent\n\nThis patch is based on a detailed report and ideas from Yepeng Pan\nand Christian Rossow.\n\nACK seq validation is currently following RFC 5961 5.2 guidelines:\n\n   The ACK value is considered acceptable only if\n   it is in the range of ((SND.UNA - MAX.SND.WND) \u003c= SEG.ACK \u003c=\n   SND.NXT).  All incoming segments whose ACK value doesn\u0027t satisfy the\n   above condition MUST be discarded and an ACK sent back.  It needs to\n   be noted that RFC 793 on page 72 (fifth check) says: \"If the ACK is a\n   duplicate (SEG.ACK \u003c SND.UNA), it can be ignored.  If the ACK\n   acknowledges something not yet sent (SEG.ACK \u003e SND.NXT) then send an\n   ACK, drop the segment, and return\".  The \"ignored\" above implies that\n   the processing of the incoming data segment continues, which means\n   the ACK value is treated as acceptable.  This mitigation makes the\n   ACK check more stringent since any ACK \u003c SND.UNA wouldn\u0027t be\n   accepted, instead only ACKs that are in the range ((SND.UNA -\n   MAX.SND.WND) \u003c= SEG.ACK \u003c= SND.NXT) get through.\n\nThis can be refined for new (and possibly spoofed) flows,\nby not accepting ACK for bytes that were never sent.\n\nThis greatly improves TCP security at a little cost.\n\nI added a Fixes: tag to make sure this patch will reach stable trees,\neven if the \u0027blamed\u0027 patch was adhering to the RFC.\n\ntp-\u003ebytes_acked was added in linux-4.2\n\nFollowing packetdrill test (courtesy of Yepeng Pan) shows\nthe issue at hand:\n\n0 socket(..., SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP) = 3\n+0 setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, [1], 4) = 0\n+0 bind(3, ..., ...) = 0\n+0 listen(3, 1024) = 0\n\n// ---------------- Handshake ------------------- //\n\n// when window scale is set to 14 the window size can be extended to\n// 65535 * (2^14) = 1073725440. Linux would accept an ACK packet\n// with ack number in (Server_ISN+1-1073725440. Server_ISN+1)\n// ,though this ack number acknowledges some data never\n// sent by the server.\n\n+0 \u003c S 0:0(0) win 65535 \u003cmss 1400,nop,wscale 14\u003e\n+0 \u003e S. 0:0(0) ack 1 \u003c...\u003e\n+0 \u003c . 1:1(0) ack 1 win 65535\n+0 accept(3, ..., ...) = 4\n\n// For the established connection, we send an ACK packet,\n// the ack packet uses ack number 1 - 1073725300 + 2^32,\n// where 2^32 is used to wrap around.\n// Note: we used 1073725300 instead of 1073725440 to avoid possible\n// edge cases.\n// 1 - 1073725300 + 2^32 = 3221241997\n\n// Oops, old kernels happily accept this packet.\n+0 \u003c . 1:1001(1000) ack 3221241997 win 65535\n\n// After the kernel fix the following will be replaced by a challenge ACK,\n// and prior malicious frame would be dropped.\n+0 \u003e . 1:1(0) ack 1001"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 9.8,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:N - The vulnerable path is the core TCP receive stack (tcp_v4_rcv \u2192 tcp_rcv_established \u2192 tcp_ack), which processes segments from remote peers over the network with no local access required.\nAC:L - An attacker who can send spoofed TCP segments can reliably trigger acceptance of ghost-ACK payloads; with peer window scaling the acceptable ACK space collapses to roughly four probes, and the packetdrill repro shows deterministic acceptance.\nPR:N - Exploitation requires only unauthenticated network packets against a listening TCP service; no local account, capability, or prior authentication is needed.\nUI:N - The attacker sends crafted TCP segments directly; no victim action such as opening a file or clicking a link is required.\nS:U - Impact stays within the vulnerable host\u2019s kernel TCP stack and the applications consuming that socket; this is not a VM/IOMMU/sandbox boundary escape.\nC:H - Ghost-ACK send-window bruteforcing enables interactive spoofed sessions against IP-trusting services (e.g. PostgreSQL trust/firewall allowlists), including DNS-based exfiltration of database contents as demonstrated in the disclosure research.\nI:H - Accepted ghost-ACK segments deliver arbitrary attacker-controlled bytes into the socket receive queue as if from the trusted peer, enabling full TCP stream injection and bypass of IP-based integrity controls such as SPF.\nA:H - Injected segments can corrupt or disrupt victim TCP sessions and application protocols, fully denying correct use of those connections; when uncertain between partial and total session/service impact, the higher availability rating applies."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:11:50.594Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/69eae75ca5255e876628ac5cee9eaab31f644b57"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/458f07ffeccd17f99942311e09ef574ddf4a414a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7ffff0cc929fdfc62a74b384c4903d6496c910f0"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b17a886ed29f3b70b78ccf632dad03e0c69e3c1a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0d4e0afdd6658cd21dd5be61880411a2553fd1fc"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/008b807fe487e0b15a3a6c39add4eb477f73e440"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2087d53a66e97a5eb5d1bf558d5bef9e5f891757"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3d501dd326fb1c73f1b8206d4c6e1d7b15c07e27"
        }
      ],
      "title": "tcp: do not accept ACK of bytes we never sent",
      "x_generator": {
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      }
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  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2023-52881",
    "datePublished": "2024-05-29T10:15:14.186Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-05-21T15:35:00.781Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:11:50.594Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}