{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.1.56"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "GitPython"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.57"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-22",
      "CWE-73",
      "CWE-200"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-03T20:09:56Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "**Target:** gitpython-developers/GitPython\n**Tested:** HEAD `07e80555` (2026-07-25), latest release 3.1.55, `git version 2.50.1`\n**Reported instances:** 2 exploitable, from a sweep of 14 unguarded call sites\n\n## Summary\n\nGitPython blocks dangerous git options through `Git.check_unsafe_options()`, gated per method by an `allow_unsafe_options` parameter. That guard is applied **per call site**, so any API that forwards `**kwargs` into a git command without calling it passes caller-controlled options straight to git.\n\nA mechanical sweep of every method that forwards `**kwargs` into a `.git.\u003ccommand\u003e(...)` call found **14 sites with no guard**. Two reach a git option that takes a filesystem path:\n\n| # | Call site | git option | Impact |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 1 | `IndexFile.checkout()` \u2192 `git checkout-index` | `--prefix=\u003cpath\u003e` | arbitrary file **overwrite** with repository-controlled content |\n| 2 | `TagReference.create()` \u2192 `git tag` | `-F \u003cfile\u003e` / `--file=\u003cfile\u003e` | arbitrary file **read**, returned in-band |\n\nThis is the same defect class already fixed in `Commit.count()` (GHSA-p538-c434-8v24), `Repo.archive()` and `Git.ls_remote()` (GHSA-956x-8gvw-wg5v). Both instances below are still present at HEAD.\n\n---\n\n## Instance 1 \u2014 `IndexFile.checkout()`: arbitrary file overwrite\n\n`git/index/base.py:1210` accepts `**kwargs` and forwards them with no guard:\n\n```python\ndef checkout(self, paths=None, force=False, fprogress=lambda *args: None, **kwargs):\n    ...\n    proc = self.repo.git.checkout_index(*args, **kwargs)   # line 1331\n    ...\n    proc = self.repo.git.checkout_index(args, **kwargs)    # line 1349\n```\n\nThere is no `allow_unsafe_options` parameter and no `check_unsafe_options()` call in the method.\n\n`git checkout-index` accepts `--prefix=\u003cstring\u003e`, prepended to every output path. It is not confined to the working tree, so an absolute prefix writes tracked file contents anywhere the process can write, and `-f` overwrites what is already there.\n\n### Reproduction\n\n```python\nfrom git import Repo\nRepo(\"/path/to/repo\").index.checkout(prefix=\"/tmp/target_dir/\", a=True, f=True)\n```\n\nObserved (`poc/poc_checkout_index.py`) \u2014 no exception raised, files land outside the repository:\n\n```\n[ALLOWED] no UnsafeOptionError raised\nfiles written outside the repo: [\u0027f.txt\u0027]\n  f.txt: \u0027hi\\n\u0027\n```\n\nOverwrite of a pre-existing file (`poc/poc_ci_overwrite.py`) \u2014 the victim file held `ORIGINAL-DO-NOT-CLOBBER\\n` before the call:\n\n```\n[ALLOWED] no exception\nvictim content now: \u0027hi\\n\u0027\nOVERWRITTEN: True\n```\n\n### Why this rates High\n\nBoth halves of the write are attacker-influenced:\n\n- **Destination** \u2014 the `prefix` kwarg.\n- **Content** \u2014 the bytes written are repository blobs, so anyone who can land a file in the repository (a pull-request branch, a mirrored or untrusted repository, an agent-cloned repository) controls exactly what is written.\n\nCommit a file named `authorized_keys`, `.bashrc`, `config` or `post-checkout`, choose the matching prefix (`~/.ssh/`, `~/`, `.git/hooks/`), and the write becomes code execution as the service account.\n\nFor comparison within this project: GHSA-fjr4-x663-mwxc (arbitrary file overwrite via `git diff --output`) is rated High, and GHSA-p538-c434-8v24 (arbitrary file *truncation* via `git rev-list --output`) is rated Medium. `--prefix` supplies full content control, so it sits at or above the former.\n\n---\n\n## Instance 2 \u2014 `TagReference.create()`: arbitrary file read\n\n`git/refs/tag.py:88` forwards `**kwargs` into `git tag` with no guard, and the signature advertises the passthrough:\n\n```python\ndef create(cls, repo, path, reference=\"HEAD\", logmsg=None, force=False, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"...\n    :param kwargs:\n        Additional keyword arguments to be passed to :manpage:`git-tag(1)`.\n    \"\"\"\n```\n\n`git tag` accepts `-F \u003cfile\u003e` / `--file=\u003cfile\u003e`, which reads the tag message from an arbitrary path. The annotated tag object stores that content and GitPython returns it to the caller via `TagReference.tag.message`, so the file contents come back in-band.\n\n### Reproduction\n\n```python\nfrom git import Repo\nfrom git.refs.tag import TagReference\n\nt = TagReference.create(Repo(\"/path/to/repo\"), \"x\", force=True, a=True, F=\"/etc/passwd\")\nprint(t.tag.message)\n```\n\nObserved (`poc/poc_tag_F.py`), reading a canary file outside the repository:\n\n```\n[ALLOWED] no UnsafeOptionError raised\n\u003e\u003e\u003e tag message recovered from arbitrary path: \u0027TAG-READ-CANARY-98765\\nsecond-line-secret\u0027\n```\n\nImpact is a read at the privileges of the process. I am not claiming code execution for this instance. The signing options (`-s`, `-u`/`--local-user`) do invoke gpg from the same unguarded kwargs, but I did not develop that into command execution and make no claim about it.\n\n---\n\n## Sweep results \u2014 the other 12 sites\n\nReported so the fix can be scoped once rather than per report. `poc/sweep.py` reproduces this list.\n\n| Call site | git command | Assessment |\n|---|---|---|\n| `IndexFile.from_tree()` | `read-tree` | `--index-output=\u003cpath\u003e` looked reachable but is **neutralised**: GitPython appends its own `--index-output` after the caller\u0027s kwargs and git honours the last occurrence. Verified \u2014 victim file unchanged (`poc/poc_readtree.py`) |\n| `IndexFile.remove()` | `rm` | `--pathspec-from-file` only reads a pathspec; no write or disclosure primitive found |\n| `IndexFile.move()` | `mv` | same |\n| `HEAD.reset()` | `reset` | same |\n| `HEAD.checkout()` | `checkout` | same |\n| `Head.delete()`, `RemoteReference.delete()` | `branch` | no path-taking option found |\n| `Repo.merge_base()` | `merge-base` | no path-taking option found |\n| `Repo._get_untracked_files()` | `status` | no path-taking option found |\n| `Remote.set_url()`, `Remote.create()`, `Remote.update()` | `remote` | URL handling already addressed by GHSA-94p4-4cq8-9g67 |\n\n## Suggested remediation\n\n**Immediate:** add `allow_unsafe_options: bool = False` to both methods and gate `Git._option_candidates(args, kwargs)` against new lists \u2014 `unsafe_git_checkout_index_options = [\"--prefix\"]` (consider `--temp`) and `unsafe_git_tag_options = [\"--file\", \"-F\"]` (consider `-s`, `-u`/`--local-user`, `--cleanup`) \u2014 matching the pattern used in `Repo.archive()` and `Commit.count()`.\n\n**Structural:** this defect has now been fixed four times in four places (`Repo.archive()`, `Git.ls_remote()`, `Commit.count()`, and the two here), because the guard is opt-in per method: every new `**kwargs`-forwarding API starts unguarded and stays that way until someone reports it. Enforcing the check centrally in `Git._call_process()` \u2014 each git invocation consults a per-command unsafe-option table unless the caller opts out \u2014 would make new call sites safe by default rather than by review, and would close the remaining sites in the table above at the same time.\n\n## Disclosure\n\nReported privately via GitHub private vulnerability reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-3f7w-8rr8-f37f",
  "modified": "2026-08-03T20:09:56Z",
  "published": "2026-08-03T20:09:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/security/advisories/GHSA-3f7w-8rr8-f37f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/2193"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/commit/3af0c2516c5e18c829da30338614688f6b69b49c"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/releases/tag/3.1.57"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "GitPython: Unguarded git option forwarding in IndexFile.checkout() and TagReference.create() enables arbitrary file overwrite and arbitrary file read"
}