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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1321

Allowed

Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product receives input from an upstream component that specifies attributes that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control modifications of attributes of the object prototype.

877 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-90771 (GCVE-0-2026-90771)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-13 10:45 – Updated: 2026-09-13 10:45
VLAI
Title
joi before 17.13.8 and 18.2.9 Prototype Pollution via messages
Summary
joi before versions 17.13.8 and 18.2.9 contains a prototype pollution vulnerability in the messages compilation function that accepts __proto__ as an error code. Attackers can supply __proto__ keys in custom messages to replace the returned object's prototype, breaking downstream code relying on Object.prototype methods.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
hapijs joi Affected: 16.0.0 , < 17.13.8 (semver)
Affected: 18.0.0 , < 18.2.9 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-09 00:00
Credits
George Chen
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-89011 (GCVE-0-2026-89011)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 19:56 – Updated: 2026-09-11 20:32 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
isomorphic-git < 1.42.0 Prototype Pollution via getRemoteInfo
Summary
isomorphic-git before 1.42.0 contains a prototype pollution vulnerability in the getRemoteInfo function that allows a malicious Git server operator to pollute Object.prototype by advertising crafted ref names containing '__proto__' path segments during ref negotiation. Attackers controlling a Git server can advertise a specially crafted ref such as '__proto__/corsProxy' to reroute all subsequent network operations through an attacker-controlled proxy, causing isomorphic-git to invoke the victim's onAuth callback and transmit credentials to the attacker when the victim calls getRemoteInfo with an attacker-supplied URL.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-11 17:09 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
isomorphic-git isomorphic-git Affected: 0 , < 1.42.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-10 00:00
Credits
Isabel Mill VulnCheck
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-86078 (GCVE-0-2026-86078)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 21:27 – Updated: 2026-09-09 16:03
VLAI
Title
n8n: Prototype Pollution via Workflow Structure Summary Can Lead to Denial of Service
Summary
n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to 2.37.7 and 2.38.2, the Instance AI workflow summary used node names and connection keys from stored workflows as ordinary object keys. A workflow submitted through the REST API could contain __proto__ or constructor, causing nested writes to reach Object.prototype in the main n8n process and disrupt later requests. The affected function is summarizeWorkflowStructure in packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/summarize-workflow.ts. This issue is fixed in versions 2.37.7 and 2.38.2.
Severity
6 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 15:49 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n8n-io n8n Affected: < 2.37.7
Affected: >= 2.38.0, < 2.38.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-85625 (GCVE-0-2026-85625)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-04 14:32 – Updated: 2026-09-04 14:32
VLAI
Title
sift 17.1.3 Prototype Pollution Remote Code Execution via $where
Summary
sift (sift.js) 17.1.3 enumerates query keys with for...in, which walks the object prototype chain, and dispatches any matched operator key including $where. The $where operation compiles a string value into a function using new Function unless CSP_ENABLED is set (not set by default). As a result, if a prototype-pollution primitive elsewhere in the process sets Object.prototype.$where to a malicious string, even benign filter calls such as sift({}) execute arbitrary JavaScript. Additionally, passing an untrusted query object containing a string $where directly to sift results in code execution under the default configuration.
Severity
9.2 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
crcn sift.js Affected: 0 , ≤ 17.1.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-06 00:00
Credits
George Chen
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-85063 (GCVE-0-2026-85063)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-03 20:32 – Updated: 2026-09-04 17:44
VLAI
Title
node-csv: Prototype replacement still reachable via columns path
Summary
node-csv is a full-featured CSV parser with a simple API that is tested against large datasets. Prior to 7.0.2, csv-parse with the columns and group_columns_by_name options enabled treats a duplicate __proto__ header as an existing property in packages/csv-parse/lib/api/index.js, assigns an attacker-controlled array through obj['__proto__'], and replaces the parsed record object's prototype. A malicious CSV header can therefore inject inherited array values into the returned record, hide those inherited values from JSON serialization, and affect property enumeration and type or shape checks in applications that process the record. This issue is fixed in version 7.0.2.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-04 17:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
adaltas node-csv Affected: < 7.0.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-84368 (GCVE-0-2026-84368)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 20:36 – Updated: 2026-09-02 12:18
VLAI
Title
joi: Prototype pollution via a `__proto__` language key in custom messages
Summary
joi is a schema description language and data validator for JavaScript. From 16.0.0 until 17.13.6 and 18.2.5, the @hapi/joi package through 17.1.1 and the successor joi package contain prototype pollution in lib/messages.js, where exports.compile() and exports.merge() reuse inherited objects for attacker-controlled language keys supplied through messages(), message(), prefs({ messages }), Joi.extend({ messages }), or rule({ message }). A language key named __proto__ writes properties onto Object.prototype, and constructor writes to the Object function's static properties. A consuming application that gates on the presence of an inherited property can take the wrong branch for every inspected object. The flaw is not reachable from data that joi validates and requires an application to feed untrusted input directly into schema-construction configuration. This issue is fixed in joi versions 17.13.6 and 18.2.5; no fixed @hapi/joi version is available.
Severity
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-02 12:11 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
hapijs joi Affected: >= 16.0.0, <= 17.1.1
Affected: >= 17.2.0, < 17.13.6
Affected: >= 18.0.0, < 18.2.5
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-84367 (GCVE-0-2026-84367)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 20:33 – Updated: 2026-09-03 15:58
VLAI
Title
joi: object().rename() with a template target can set the validated object's prototype
Summary
joi is a schema description language and data validator for JavaScript. From 16.0.0 until 17.13.5 and 18.2.4, joi's lib/types/keys.js internals.rename() implementation used by object().rename() permits a schema that renames keys with a regular-expression source and a Joi.expression() or Joi.x() target that interpolates the pattern's own match data, combined with { multiple: true }, to derive a target from an attacker-controlled input key. An attacker can send x-__proto__ with an object value, causing the target to render as __proto__ and set the prototype of the object returned by validate() instead of creating an own key. The global Object.prototype is not modified, so the effect is confined to the object returned by that validation call. Static-string targets and schemas using the default { multiple: false } are not affected. This issue is fixed in versions 17.13.5 and 18.2.4.
Severity
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-03 15:58 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
hapijs joi Affected: >= 16.0.0, < 17.13.5
Affected: >= 18.0.0, < 18.2.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-82404 (GCVE-0-2026-82404)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-02 16:30 – Updated: 2026-09-02 18:59
VLAI
Title
TOON: Prototype pollution when decoding untrusted TOON input
Summary
TOON is a compact, human-readable serialization of JSON data for LLM prompts. Prior to 2.3.1, decoding attacker-controlled TOON with a __proto__, constructor, or prototype key wrote through the object prototype chain instead of creating an own property, polluting Object.prototype for the runtime. In packages/toon/src/decode/expand.ts, the expandPaths: 'safe' path and insertPathSafe function made dotted keys such as a.__proto__.x the strongest vector, while plain nested objects, tabular rows, quoted keys, and streaming decode were also affected. The encoder also dropped own __proto__ properties and could invoke an inherited setter during normalization. Services that decode untrusted TOON could experience denial of service or, when a suitable downstream gadget is present, remote code execution. This issue is fixed in version 2.3.1.
Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-02 18:58 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
toon-format toon Affected: < 2.3.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-82257 (GCVE-0-2026-82257)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 10:49 – Updated: 2026-08-28 13:58
VLAI
Title
SvelteKit before 2.69.1 Prototype Pollution via File Input
Summary
SvelteKit versions before 2.69.1 contain a prototype pollution vulnerability in remote form functions with file input fields that accept arbitrary user-controlled path names. Attackers can manipulate the deletion path to remove methods on the prototype, potentially disabling application functionality.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 13:58 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
sveltejs kit Affected: 0 , < 2.69.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.69.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:svelte:kit:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-02 00:00
Credits
iaohkut-from-NightWolf-Team dummdidumm
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-81994 (GCVE-0-2026-81994)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 20:30 – Updated: 2026-09-10 14:59
VLAI
Title
Acrobat Reader | Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Summary
Acrobat Reader is affected by an Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') vulnerability that could lead to arbitrary file system read. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to access sensitive files and directories outside the intended access scope. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file. Scope is changed.
Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 17:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Adobe Adobe Acrobat Affected: 0 , ≤ 26.002.21900 (custom)
Unaffected: 26.002.21901 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Adobe Acrobat Reader Affected: 0 , ≤ 26.002.21900 (custom)
Unaffected: 26.002.21901 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Adobe Acrobat 2024 Affected: 0 , ≤ 24.001.30383 (custom)
Unaffected: 24.001.30429 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-08 17:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Implementation

By freezing the object prototype first (for example, Object.freeze(Object.prototype)), modification of the prototype becomes impossible.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

By blocking modifications of attributes that resolve to object prototype, such as proto or prototype, this weakness can be mitigated.

Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

When handling untrusted objects, validating using a schema can be used.

Mitigation
Implementation

By using an object without prototypes (via Object.create(null) ), adding object prototype attributes by accessing the prototype via the special attributes becomes impossible, mitigating this weakness.

Mitigation
Implementation

Map can be used instead of objects in most cases. If Map methods are used instead of object attributes, it is not possible to access the object prototype or modify it.

CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.

CAPEC-180: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels

An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

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