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CVE-2026-31665 (GCVE-0-2026-31665)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 14:45 – Updated: 2026-09-08 08:47
VLAI
Title
netfilter: nft_ct: fix use-after-free in timeout object destroy
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfilter: nft_ct: fix use-after-free in timeout object destroy nft_ct_timeout_obj_destroy() frees the timeout object with kfree() immediately after nf_ct_untimeout(), without waiting for an RCU grace period. Concurrent packet processing on other CPUs may still hold RCU-protected references to the timeout object obtained via rcu_dereference() in nf_ct_timeout_data(). Add an rcu_head to struct nf_ct_timeout and use kfree_rcu() to defer freeing until after an RCU grace period, matching the approach already used in nfnetlink_cttimeout.c. KASAN report: BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in nf_conntrack_tcp_packet+0x1381/0x29d0 Read of size 4 at addr ffff8881035fe19c by task exploit/80 Call Trace: nf_conntrack_tcp_packet+0x1381/0x29d0 nf_conntrack_in+0x612/0x8b0 nf_hook_slow+0x70/0x100 __ip_local_out+0x1b2/0x210 tcp_sendmsg_locked+0x722/0x1580 __sys_sendto+0x2d8/0x320 Allocated by task 75: nft_ct_timeout_obj_init+0xf6/0x290 nft_obj_init+0x107/0x1b0 nf_tables_newobj+0x680/0x9c0 nfnetlink_rcv_batch+0xc29/0xe00 Freed by task 26: nft_obj_destroy+0x3f/0xa0 nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x51c/0x5c0 process_one_work+0x2c4/0x5a0
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < c458fc1c278a65ad5381083121d39a479973ebed (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < c581e5c8f2b59158f62efe61c1a3dc36189081ff (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < f16fe84879a5280f05ebbcea593a189ba0f3e79a (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < 070abdf1b04325b21a20a2a0c39a2208af107275 (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < aa7cfa16f98f8ec3e6d47c34e1a8c1ae4b9b8b77 (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < b42aca3660dc2627a29a38131597ca610dc451f9 (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < d0983b48c10d1509fd795c155f8b1e832e1369ff (git)
Affected: 7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748 , < f8dca15a1b190787bbd03285304b569631160eda (git)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 4.19
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.19 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.253 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.203 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.169 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.135 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.82 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18.23 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.19.13 , ≤ 6.19.* (semver)
Unaffected: 7.0 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.5 , < * (custom)
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Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
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Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.5 , < * (custom)
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Siemens SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Siemens SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP Affected: V3.1.5 , < * (custom)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2026-31665\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2026-04-24T15:16:46.157\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-14T13:18:47.347\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nnetfilter: nft_ct: fix use-after-free in timeout object destroy\\n\\nnft_ct_timeout_obj_destroy() frees the timeout object with kfree()\\nimmediately after nf_ct_untimeout(), without waiting for an RCU grace\\nperiod. Concurrent packet processing on other CPUs may still hold\\nRCU-protected references to the timeout object obtained via\\nrcu_dereference() in nf_ct_timeout_data().\\n\\nAdd an rcu_head to struct nf_ct_timeout and use kfree_rcu() to defer\\nfreeing until after an RCU grace period, matching the approach already\\nused in nfnetlink_cttimeout.c.\\n\\nKASAN report:\\n BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in nf_conntrack_tcp_packet+0x1381/0x29d0\\n Read of size 4 at addr ffff8881035fe19c by task exploit/80\\n\\n Call Trace:\\n  nf_conntrack_tcp_packet+0x1381/0x29d0\\n  nf_conntrack_in+0x612/0x8b0\\n  nf_hook_slow+0x70/0x100\\n  __ip_local_out+0x1b2/0x210\\n  tcp_sendmsg_locked+0x722/0x1580\\n  __sys_sendto+0x2d8/0x320\\n\\n Allocated by task 75:\\n  nft_ct_timeout_obj_init+0xf6/0x290\\n  nft_obj_init+0x107/0x1b0\\n  nf_tables_newobj+0x680/0x9c0\\n  nfnetlink_rcv_batch+0xc29/0xe00\\n\\n Freed by task 26:\\n  nft_obj_destroy+0x3f/0xa0\\n  nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x51c/0x5c0\\n  process_one_work+0x2c4/0x5a0\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_timeout.h\",\"net/netfilter/nft_ct.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"c458fc1c278a65ad5381083121d39a479973ebed\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"c581e5c8f2b59158f62efe61c1a3dc36189081ff\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"f16fe84879a5280f05ebbcea593a189ba0f3e79a\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"070abdf1b04325b21a20a2a0c39a2208af107275\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"aa7cfa16f98f8ec3e6d47c34e1a8c1ae4b9b8b77\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"b42aca3660dc2627a29a38131597ca610dc451f9\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"d0983b48c10d1509fd795c155f8b1e832e1369ff\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"7e0b2b57f01d183e1c84114f1f2287737358d748\",\"lessThan\":\"f8dca15a1b190787bbd03285304b569631160eda\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_timeout.h\",\"net/netfilter/nft_ct.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"4.19\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"4.19\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.10.253\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.10.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.15.203\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.15.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.169\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.135\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.82\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.18.23\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.18.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.19.13\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.19.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"7.0\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]},{\"source\":\"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.6\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.5\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.6\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.5\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.6\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.5\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.6\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.5\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.6\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"V3.1.5\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-416\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"4.19.1\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.10.253\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DCA68506-DA89-4BB0-BB51-9DE08D03AA32\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.11\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.15.203\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"20DDB3E9-AABF-4107-ADB0-5362AA067045\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.16\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.169\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DBEC0E5D-641C-4E98-A6D9-5799B10CE451\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.135\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"15C1A1B2-14EE-494C-AF3E-D5A7BA640B39\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.82\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"02904CAE-71D2-45B3-9EC3-F6A9D18B6307\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.18.23\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E9E09FDD-9EE3-4A56-92E2-2B30AFD0072F\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.19\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.19.13\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"1490EF9B-9080-481C-8D22-1306AAE664E4\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:4.19:-:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"CFDAD450-8799-4C2D-80CE-2AA45DEC35CE\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F253B622-8837-4245-BCE5-A7BF8FC76A16\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4AE85AD8-4641-4E7C-A2F4-305E2CD9EE64\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F666C8D8-6538-46D4-B318-87610DE64C34\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"02259FDA-961B-47BC-AE7F-93D7EC6E90C2\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"58A9FEFF-C040-420D-8F0A-BFDAAA1DF258\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"1D2315C0-D46F-4F85-9754-F9E5E11374A6\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc7:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"512EE3A8-A590-4501-9A94-5D4B268D6138\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/070abdf1b04325b21a20a2a0c39a2208af107275\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/aa7cfa16f98f8ec3e6d47c34e1a8c1ae4b9b8b77\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b42aca3660dc2627a29a38131597ca610dc451f9\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c458fc1c278a65ad5381083121d39a479973ebed\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c581e5c8f2b59158f62efe61c1a3dc36189081ff\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d0983b48c10d1509fd795c155f8b1e832e1369ff\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f16fe84879a5280f05ebbcea593a189ba0f3e79a\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f8dca15a1b190787bbd03285304b569631160eda\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-019113.html\",\"source\":\"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\"},{\"url\":\"https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html\",\"source\":\"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\"}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-02T17:15:01+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2026-31665",
      "id": "CVE-2026-31665",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-04-24T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_affected": "260",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "14",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: netfilter: nft_ct: fix use-after-free in timeout object destroy",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-31665.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-09-11T01:29:40Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2026-31665",
      "id": "CVE-2026-31665",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-04-25T01:36:37Z",
      "product_status:first_fixed": "2",
      "product_status:known_affected": "600",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "125",
      "product_status:recommended": "279",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2026-31665",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2026-31665.json",
      "version": "20"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.


Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.