CVE-2025-22048 (GCVE-0-2025-22048)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-16 14:12 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:56
VLAI
Title
LoongArch: BPF: Don't override subprog's return value
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: LoongArch: BPF: Don't override subprog's return value The verifier test `calls: div by 0 in subprog` triggers a panic at the ld.bu instruction. The ld.bu insn is trying to load byte from memory address returned by the subprog. The subprog actually set the correct address at the a5 register (dedicated register for BPF return values). But at commit 73c359d1d356 ("LoongArch: BPF: Sign-extend return values") we also sign extended a5 to the a0 register (return value in LoongArch). For function call insn, we later propagate the a0 register back to a5 register. This is right for native calls but wrong for bpf2bpf calls which expect zero-extended return value in a5 register. So only move a0 to a5 for native calls (i.e. non-BPF_PSEUDO_CALL).
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 0c8d50501bc13cacecc19caaddc10db372592a39 , < 7df2696256a034405d3c5a71b3a4c54725de4404 (git)
Affected: d5d83242a1d778ceb6d8b07c6b491cf7483ca112 , < 223d565d8892481684091cfbaf3466f2b0e289d3 (git)
Affected: 73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424 , < 780628a780b622759d9e5adc76d15432144da1a3 (git)
Affected: 73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424 , < 996e90ab446641553e8e21707b38b9709605e0e0 (git)
Affected: 73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424 , < 60f3caff1492e5b8616b9578c4bedb5c0a88ed14 (git)
Affected: 8382e92f90b601acf6d426121e6f4991502e767d (git)
Affected: 3b75f627b73d96787a493e2f1187543ba9c056a4 (git)
Affected: 6.6.64 , < 6.6.87 (semver)
Affected: 6.12.2 , < 6.12.23 (semver)
Affected: 6.1.120 , < 6.2 (semver)
Affected: 6.11.11 , < 6.12 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 6.13
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.13 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.87 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.23 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.13.11 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14.2 , ≤ 6.14.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.15 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nLoongArch: BPF: Don\u0027t override subprog\u0027s return value\n\nThe verifier test `calls: div by 0 in subprog` triggers a panic at the\nld.bu instruction. The ld.bu insn is trying to load byte from memory\naddress returned by the subprog. The subprog actually set the correct\naddress at the a5 register (dedicated register for BPF return values).\nBut at commit 73c359d1d356 (\"LoongArch: BPF: Sign-extend return values\")\nwe also sign extended a5 to the a0 register (return value in LoongArch).\nFor function call insn, we later propagate the a0 register back to a5\nregister. This is right for native calls but wrong for bpf2bpf calls\nwhich expect zero-extended return value in a5 register. So only move a0\nto a5 for native calls (i.e. non-BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)."
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires loading a JITed eBPF program containing a bpf2bpf subprog call via the bpf() syscall on the local system. Per kernel scoring guidance, BPF is a Local attack vector.\nAC:L - The miscompilation is deterministic \u2014 every bpf2bpf call site in a JITed program on LoongArch unconditionally clobbers R0 with the sign-extended low 32 bits, with no race, timing, or memory-layout precondition for the corruption itself. The attacker fully controls the program text, the returned pointer type, and the dereference offset.\nPR:L - Loading a subprog-containing SOCKET_FILTER/CGROUP_SKB program needs no capability at all when kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled=0, a supported and widely-deployed setting (and the default when CONFIG_BPF_UNPRIV_DEFAULT_OFF=n, common on vendor/embedded LoongArch kernels). Otherwise only CAP_BPF is required, which is by design not root-equivalent and is exactly the low-privilege principal the verifier is supposed to contain.\nUI:N - The attacker loads the program and triggers it entirely on their own \u2014 e.g. attaching a socket filter to their own socket and sending a loopback packet. No victim action is involved.\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own security authority; there is no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed. This is standard in-kernel privilege escalation territory.\nC:H - The caller dereferences a verifier-blessed but JIT-corrupted pointer, giving a BPF_LDX read at an attacker-influenced wild address that can land in mapped kernel memory (vmemmap/KFENCE region for bit31-set values); the loaded bytes can be stashed into a BPF map and read out from userspace, yielding kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - The identical primitive works in the store direction \u2014 BPF_STX/BPF_ST through the corrupted R0 writes fully attacker-controlled 8-byte values at an attacker-chosen displacement, an out-of-bounds kernel write leverageable for control-flow hijacking.\nA:H - The upstream commit documents a confirmed kernel panic at the ld.bu instruction from the in-tree verifier test, and the wild-pointer dereference reliably oopses whenever the corrupted address is unmapped."
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    "datePublished": "2025-04-16T14:12:07.679Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.810Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:56:20.708Z",
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-22048\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-04-16T15:15:58.220\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-30T06:22:08.850\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nLoongArch: BPF: Don\u0027t override subprog\u0027s return value\\n\\nThe verifier test `calls: div by 0 in subprog` triggers a panic at the\\nld.bu instruction. The ld.bu insn is trying to load byte from memory\\naddress returned by the subprog. The subprog actually set the correct\\naddress at the a5 register (dedicated register for BPF return values).\\nBut at commit 73c359d1d356 (\\\"LoongArch: BPF: Sign-extend return values\\\")\\nwe also sign extended a5 to the a0 register (return value in LoongArch).\\nFor function call insn, we later propagate the a0 register back to a5\\nregister. This is right for native calls but wrong for bpf2bpf calls\\nwhich expect zero-extended return value in a5 register. So only move a0\\nto a5 for native calls (i.e. non-BPF_PSEUDO_CALL).\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: LoongArch: BPF: No anule el valor de retorno del subprograma La prueba del verificador `calls: div by 0 in subprog` desencadena un p\u00e1nico en la instrucci\u00f3n ld.bu. La instrucci\u00f3n ld.bu insn intenta cargar un byte desde la direcci\u00f3n de memoria devuelta por el subprograma. El subprograma en realidad estableci\u00f3 la direcci\u00f3n correcta en el registro a5 (registro dedicado para valores de retorno de BPF). Pero en el commit 73c359d1d356 (\\\"LoongArch: BPF: Valores de retorno con signo extendido\\\") tambi\u00e9n firmamos a5 extendido en el registro a0 (valor de retorno en LoongArch). Para la instrucci\u00f3n de llamada a funci\u00f3n insn, luego propagamos el registro a0 de vuelta al registro a5. Esto es correcto para llamadas nativas, pero incorrecto para llamadas bpf2bpf que esperan un valor de retorno extendido cero en el registro a5. Por lo tanto, solo mueva a0 a a5 para llamadas nativas (es decir, no BPF_PSEUDO_CALL).\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"arch/loongarch/net/bpf_jit.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"0c8d50501bc13cacecc19caaddc10db372592a39\",\"lessThan\":\"7df2696256a034405d3c5a71b3a4c54725de4404\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"d5d83242a1d778ceb6d8b07c6b491cf7483ca112\",\"lessThan\":\"223d565d8892481684091cfbaf3466f2b0e289d3\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424\",\"lessThan\":\"780628a780b622759d9e5adc76d15432144da1a3\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424\",\"lessThan\":\"996e90ab446641553e8e21707b38b9709605e0e0\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424\",\"lessThan\":\"60f3caff1492e5b8616b9578c4bedb5c0a88ed14\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"8382e92f90b601acf6d426121e6f4991502e767d\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"3b75f627b73d96787a493e2f1187543ba9c056a4\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.64\",\"lessThan\":\"6.6.87\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.2\",\"lessThan\":\"6.12.23\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.120\",\"lessThan\":\"6.2\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.11.11\",\"lessThan\":\"6.12\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"arch/loongarch/net/bpf_jit.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"6.13\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"6.13\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.87\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.23\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.13.11\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.13.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.14.2\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.14.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.15\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-noinfo\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.1.120\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.2\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6B567878-4D0F-4353-B6A6-D61ABBA96329\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.6.64\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.87\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"042FFA18-3C6A-4999-AB8F-4F6F5902BEEA\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.11.11\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4CBF5F6E-D446-4CAE-AAA4-413442319824\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.12.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.23\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"B5C71FC9-A61C-431A-9215-38D09F5A2FF3\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.13.11\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E7E864B0-8C00-4679-BA55-659B4C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    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "None",
      "current_release_date": "2026-06-30T10:30:37+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-22048",
      "id": "CVE-2025-22048",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-04-16T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "274",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: LoongArch: BPF: Don\u0027t override subprog\u0027s return value",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-22048.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
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      "cve": "CVE-2025-22048",
      "id": "CVE-2025-22048",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-04-18T23:20:14Z",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "439",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2025-22048",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2025-22048.json",
      "version": "9"
    }
  }
}



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Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.





Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.