Vulnerability-Lookup

BDU:2026-04844 (CVE-2025-21425)

Vulnerability from fstec – Published: 2026-04-08 – Updated: 2026-04-08 – View on bdu.fstec.ru Fixed

Title

Уязвимость микропрограммного обеспечения встраиваемых плат Qualcomm, связанная с ошибками разграничения доступа, позволяющая нарушителю вызвать повреждение памяти

Summary

Уязвимость микропрограммного обеспечения встраиваемых плат Qualcomm связана с ошибками разграничения доступа. Эксплуатация уязвимости может позволить нарушителю вызвать повреждение памяти

Severity

6.8 (Medium) CVSS 2.0


                      
                        AV:L/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C

7.8 (High) CVSS 3.1


                      
                        CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Class

Architecture vulnerability

Status

Confirmed by the vendor

Exploitation

Authorization bypass

Incidents

Being clarified

Remediation

Software update

CWE

CWE-284 - Неправильный контроль доступа

Aliases

CVE-2025-21425

References

1 reference

URL
https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/april-2025-b…

Impacted products

33 products from 1 vendor

Vendors

Qualcomm Technologies Inc.

Products

SA8770P, QCA6574AU, SA8775P, QAM8620P, SA7775P, SA8620P, SA8650P, SRV1H, SRV1L, SRV1M, QCA6688AQ, QAM8255P, QAM8295P, QAM8650P, QAM8775P, QAMSRV1H, QAMSRV1M, QCA6595, QCA6595AU, QCA6696, QCA6698AQ, SA6155P, SA7255P, SA8155P, SA8195P, SA8255P, SA8295P, SA8540P, SA9000P, SA6145P, SA6150P, SA8145P, SA8150P

Versions

- (SA8770P), - (QCA6574AU), - (SA8775P), - (QAM8620P), - (SA7775P), - (SA8620P), - (SA8650P), - (SRV1H), - (SRV1L), - (SRV1M), - (QCA6688AQ), - (QAM8255P), - (QAM8295P), - (QAM8650P), - (QAM8775P), - (QAMSRV1H), - (QAMSRV1M), - (QCA6595), - (QCA6595AU), - (QCA6696), - (QCA6698AQ), - (SA6155P), - (SA7255P), - (SA8155P), - (SA8195P), - (SA8255P), - (SA8295P), - (SA8540P), - (SA9000P), - (SA6145P), - (SA6150P), - (SA8145P), - (SA8150P)

Product types

Firmware

Mitigations

Использование рекомендаций: https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/april-2025-bulletin.html

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "CVSS 2.0": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C",
  "CVSS 3.0": "AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
  "CVSS 4.0": null,
  "remediation_\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": null,
  "remediation_\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435": null,
  "\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u041f\u041e": "Qualcomm Technologies Inc.",
  "\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u041f\u041e": "- (SA8770P), - (QCA6574AU), - (SA8775P), - (QAM8620P), - (SA7775P), - (SA8620P), - (SA8650P), - (SRV1H), - (SRV1L), - (SRV1M), - (QCA6688AQ), - (QAM8255P), - (QAM8295P), - (QAM8650P), - (QAM8775P), - (QAMSRV1H), - (QAMSRV1M), - (QCA6595), - (QCA6595AU), - (QCA6696), - (QCA6698AQ), - (SA6155P), - (SA7255P), - (SA8155P), - (SA8195P), - (SA8255P), - (SA8295P), - (SA8540P), - (SA9000P), - (SA6145P), - (SA6150P), - (SA8145P), - (SA8150P)",
  "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e": "\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439:\nhttps://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/april-2025-bulletin.html",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "06.01.2025",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "08.04.2026",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "08.04.2026",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": "BDU:2026-04844",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "CVE-2025-21425",
  "\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430",
  "\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u041e": "SA8770P, QCA6574AU, SA8775P, QAM8620P, SA7775P, SA8620P, SA8650P, SRV1H, SRV1L, SRV1M, QCA6688AQ, QAM8255P, QAM8295P, QAM8650P, QAM8775P, QAMSRV1H, QAMSRV1M, QCA6595, QCA6595AU, QCA6696, QCA6698AQ, SA6155P, SA7255P, SA8155P, SA8195P, SA8255P, SA8295P, SA8540P, SA9000P, SA6145P, SA6150P, SA8145P, SA8150P",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0421 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b": null,
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442 Qualcomm, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438",
  "\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0430": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "\u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 (CWE-284)",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442 Qualcomm \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438",
  "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": null,
  "\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f": null,
  "\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0411": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "\u041d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438",
  "\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438": "https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/april-2025-bulletin.html",
  "\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u041f\u041e": "\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "CWE-284",
  "\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 2.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 6,8)\n\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 3.1 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 7,8)"
}

CVE-2025-21425 (GCVE-0-2025-21425)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-07 10:15 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:28

Title

Improper Access Control in Automotive Linux OS

Summary

Memory corruption may occur due top improper access control in HAB process.

Severity

7.3 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-04-08 03:56 UTC

CWE

CWE-284 - Improper Access Control

Assigner

qualcomm mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources…

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Qualcomm, Inc.	Snapdragon	Affected: QAM8255P Affected: QAM8295P Affected: QAM8620P Affected: QAM8650P Affected: QAM8775P Affected: QAMSRV1H Affected: QAMSRV1M Affected: QCA6574AU Affected: QCA6595 Affected: QCA6595AU Affected: QCA6688AQ Affected: QCA6696 Affected: QCA6698AQ Affected: SA6145P Affected: SA6150P Affected: SA6155P Affected: SA7255P Affected: SA7775P Affected: SA8145P Affected: SA8150P Affected: SA8155P Affected: SA8195P Affected: SA8255P Affected: SA8295P Affected: SA8540P Affected: SA8620P Affected: SA8650P Affected: SA8770P Affected: SA8775P Affected: SA9000P Affected: SRV1H Affected: SRV1L Affected: SRV1M

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-21425",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-04-08T03:56:09.899836Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:51.468Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "platforms": [
            "Snapdragon Auto"
          ],
          "product": "Snapdragon",
          "vendor": "Qualcomm, Inc.",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAM8255P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAM8295P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAM8620P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAM8650P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAM8775P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAMSRV1H"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QAMSRV1M"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QCA6574AU"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QCA6595"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QCA6595AU"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QCA6688AQ"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QCA6696"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "QCA6698AQ"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA6145P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA6150P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA6155P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA7255P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA7775P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8145P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8150P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8155P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8195P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8255P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8295P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8540P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8620P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8650P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8770P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA8775P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SA9000P"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SRV1H"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SRV1L"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "SRV1M"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Memory corruption may occur due top improper access control in HAB process."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 7.3,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-284",
              "description": "CWE-284 Improper Access Control",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-04-07T10:15:53.976Z",
        "orgId": "2cfc7d3e-20d3-47ac-8db7-1b7285aff15f",
        "shortName": "qualcomm"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/april-2025-bulletin.html"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Improper Access Control in Automotive Linux OS"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "2cfc7d3e-20d3-47ac-8db7-1b7285aff15f",
    "assignerShortName": "qualcomm",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-21425",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-07T10:15:53.976Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-18T09:50:08.918Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:51.468Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.