CVE-2023-54124 (GCVE-0-2023-54124)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-24 13:06 – Updated: 2026-08-05 09:17
VLAI
Title
f2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set xfstest generic/361 reports a bug as below: f2fs_bug_on(sbi, sbi->fsync_node_num); kernel BUG at fs/f2fs/super.c:1627! RIP: 0010:f2fs_put_super+0x3a8/0x3b0 Call Trace: generic_shutdown_super+0x8c/0x1b0 kill_block_super+0x2b/0x60 kill_f2fs_super+0x87/0x110 deactivate_locked_super+0x39/0x80 deactivate_super+0x46/0x50 cleanup_mnt+0x109/0x170 __cleanup_mnt+0x16/0x20 task_work_run+0x65/0xa0 exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x175/0x190 syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x25/0x50 do_syscall_64+0x4c/0x90 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc During umount(), if cp_error is set, f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() should not stop waiting all F2FS_WB_CP_DATA pages to be writebacked, otherwise, fsync_node_num can be non-zero after f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() causing this bug. In this case, to avoid deadloop in f2fs_wait_on_all_pages(), it needs to drop all dirty pages rather than redirtying them.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < 92575f05a32dafb16348bfa5e62478118a9be069 (git)
Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < 4ceedc2f8bdffb82e40b7d1bb912304f8e157cb1 (git)
Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < ad87bd313f70b51e48019d5ce2d02d73152356b3 (git)
Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < d8f4ad5f3979dbd8e6251259562f12472717883a (git)
Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < 7741ddc882a0c806a6508ba8203c55a779db7a21 (git)
Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < 82c3d6e9db41cbd3af1d4f90bdb441740b5fad10 (git)
Affected: af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de , < c9b3649a934d131151111354bcbb638076f03a30 (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 4.19
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.19 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.19.284 , ≤ 4.19.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.4.244 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.181 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.113 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.30 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.3.4 , ≤ 6.3.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.4 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nf2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set\n\nxfstest generic/361 reports a bug as below:\n\nf2fs_bug_on(sbi, sbi-\u003efsync_node_num);\n\nkernel BUG at fs/f2fs/super.c:1627!\nRIP: 0010:f2fs_put_super+0x3a8/0x3b0\nCall Trace:\n generic_shutdown_super+0x8c/0x1b0\n kill_block_super+0x2b/0x60\n kill_f2fs_super+0x87/0x110\n deactivate_locked_super+0x39/0x80\n deactivate_super+0x46/0x50\n cleanup_mnt+0x109/0x170\n __cleanup_mnt+0x16/0x20\n task_work_run+0x65/0xa0\n exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x175/0x190\n syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x25/0x50\n do_syscall_64+0x4c/0x90\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc\n\nDuring umount(), if cp_error is set, f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() should\nnot stop waiting all F2FS_WB_CP_DATA pages to be writebacked, otherwise,\nfsync_node_num can be non-zero after f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() causing\nthis bug.\n\nIn this case, to avoid deadloop in f2fs_wait_on_all_pages(), it needs\nto drop all dirty pages rather than redirtying them."
        }
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            "version": "3.1"
          },
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              "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached through local filesystem operations \u2014 write/fsync on an f2fs volume followed by umount(2) of that mount \u2014 with no network component. f2fs is a local block filesystem (Android /data, eMMC/SD/USB media), so the attacker needs local access to the system.\nAC:L - Both preconditions are attacker-controlled: `CP_ERROR_FLAG` is set deterministically by a crafted image whose metadata reads fail (or by an erroring backing device), and outstanding `F2FS_WB_CP_DATA`/fsync-node pages are trivially produced by a concurrent write+fsync loop before unmount. The condition is reliably reproducible \u2014 it is caught by xfstest generic/361.\nPR:L - The dirty-node-page side requires only an unprivileged user with write access to the f2fs mount; the mount/umount of the crafted volume is routinely available to unprivileged users via udisks2/vold auto-mount, `user`/`users` fstab entries, or removable-media handlers. No real root capability in the init namespace is needed for the realistic attack.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the mount, the I/O workload, and the umount itself in the auto-mount/removable-media and Android adoptable-storage scenarios; no separate victim action is required. On an already-mounted f2fs volume that hits a device error, the panic occurs at the next unmount without any user involvement.\nS:U - The corruption and the resulting panic are confined to the kernel of the affected system, with no crossing into a different security authority such as a hypervisor or IOMMU boundary. This is a standard in-kernel filesystem defect.\nC:H - Skipping the writeback drain lets `f2fs_put_super()` `kfree(sbi)` (and destroy the node manager and checkpoint buffer) while bios whose `bi_private` is that `f2fs_sb_info` are still in flight, so `f2fs_write_end_io()` operates on freed, reallocatable memory. Per kernel UAF guidance, an attacker who reclaims that slab can leverage the stale references for information disclosure.\nI:H - The same use-after-free provides write primitives into freed memory \u2014 `dec_page_count()` atomics, a `list_del()` on `sbi-\u003efsync_node_list` under `sbi-\u003efsync_node_lock`, and `wake_up(\u0026sbi-\u003ecp_wait)` \u2014 all executed from IRQ context on a reclaimed allocation, which is exploitable for heap corruption. The bug additionally leaves the volume with `SBI_NEED_FSCK` and undropped/redirtied metadata, i.e. on-disk inconsistency.\nA:H - On `CONFIG_F2FS_CHECK_FS` builds the path terminates in `f2fs_bug_on(sbi, sbi-\u003efsync_node_num)` \u2014 an unconditional `BUG_ON()` kernel panic in `f2fs_put_super()`, as shown in the reported trace. Without that config the resulting use-after-free crashes the kernel, and the changelog also notes a potential dead-loop in `f2fs_wait_on_all_pages()` from perpetually redirtied pages."
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        "shortName": "Linux"
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        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c9b3649a934d131151111354bcbb638076f03a30"
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      "title": "f2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set",
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    "cveId": "CVE-2023-54124",
    "datePublished": "2025-12-24T13:06:43.290Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-12-24T13:02:52.521Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:17:25.391Z",
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            "lang": "en",
            "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nf2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set\n\nxfstest generic/361 reports a bug as below:\n\nf2fs_bug_on(sbi, sbi-\u003efsync_node_num);\n\nkernel BUG at fs/f2fs/super.c:1627!\nRIP: 0010:f2fs_put_super+0x3a8/0x3b0\nCall Trace:\n generic_shutdown_super+0x8c/0x1b0\n kill_block_super+0x2b/0x60\n kill_f2fs_super+0x87/0x110\n deactivate_locked_super+0x39/0x80\n deactivate_super+0x46/0x50\n cleanup_mnt+0x109/0x170\n __cleanup_mnt+0x16/0x20\n task_work_run+0x65/0xa0\n exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x175/0x190\n syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x25/0x50\n do_syscall_64+0x4c/0x90\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc\n\nDuring umount(), if cp_error is set, f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() should\nnot stop waiting all F2FS_WB_CP_DATA pages to be writebacked, otherwise,\nfsync_node_num can be non-zero after f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() causing\nthis bug.\n\nIn this case, to avoid deadloop in f2fs_wait_on_all_pages(), it needs\nto drop all dirty pages rather than redirtying them."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2023-54124",
        "lastModified": "2026-08-04T10:19:30.033",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "LOCAL",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 7.8,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
              "impactScore": 5.9,
              "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2025-12-24T13:16:14.367",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4ceedc2f8bdffb82e40b7d1bb912304f8e157cb1"
          },
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            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7741ddc882a0c806a6508ba8203c55a779db7a21"
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            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ad87bd313f70b51e48019d5ce2d02d73152356b3"
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          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d8f4ad5f3979dbd8e6251259562f12472717883a"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "vulnStatus": "Deferred"
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Important",
      "current_release_date": "2026-08-20T12:43:26+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2023-54124",
      "id": "CVE-2023-54124",
      "initial_release_date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "274",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: Linux kernel f2fs: Denial of service during unmount",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2023/cve-2023-54124.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-09-04T00:30:24Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2023-54124",
      "id": "CVE-2023-54124",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-12-25T00:55:04Z",
      "product_status:known_affected": "201",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "359",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2023-54124",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2023-54124.json",
      "version": "11"
    }
  }
}



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Taxonomy of the tags.





Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.



Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.