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CWE-444
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
CVE-2026-2862 (GCVE-0-2026-2862)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-01 20:41 – Updated: 2026-04-02 14:00
VLAI
Title
Security Vulnerabilities have been found in IBM Verify Identity Access and IBM Security Verify Access
Summary
IBM Verify Identity Access Container 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access Container 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 and IBM Verify Identity Access 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 IBM Security Verify could allow a remote attacker to access sensitive information due to an inconsistent interpretation of an HTTP request by a reverse proxy.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7268253 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Verify Identity Access Container |
Affected:
11.0 , ≤ 11.0.2
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access_container:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access_container:11.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access_container:11.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| IBM | Security Verify Access Container |
Affected:
10.0 , ≤ 10.0.9.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access_container:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access_container:10.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access_container:10.0.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| IBM | Verify Identity Access |
Affected:
11.0 , ≤ 11.0.2
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access:11.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access:11.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| IBM | Security Verify Access |
Affected:
10.0 , ≤ 10.0.9.1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access:10.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access:10.0.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-29057 (GCVE-0-2026-29057)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 00:30 – Updated: 2026-03-18 14:47
VLAI
Title
Next.js: HTTP request smuggling in rewrites
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. Starting in version 9.5.0 and prior to versions 15.5.13 and 16.1.7, when Next.js rewrites proxy traffic to an external backend, a crafted `DELETE`/`OPTIONS` request using `Transfer-Encoding: chunked` could trigger request boundary disagreement between the proxy and backend. This could allow request smuggling through rewritten routes. An attacker could smuggle a second request to unintended backend routes (for example, internal/admin endpoints), bypassing assumptions that only the configured rewrite destination/path is reachable. This does not impact applications hosted on providers that handle rewrites at the CDN level, such as Vercel. The vulnerability originated in an upstream library vendored by Next.js. It is fixed in Next.js 15.5.13 and 16.1.7 by updating that dependency’s behavior so `content-length: 0` is added only when both `content-length` and `transfer-encoding` are absent, and `transfer-encoding` is no longer removed in that code path. If upgrading is not immediately possible, block chunked `DELETE`/`OPTIONS` requests on rewritten routes at the edge/proxy, and/or enforce authentication/authorization on backend routes.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/dc98c04f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.5.13 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v16.1.7 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-31842 (GCVE-0-2026-31842)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-07 11:17 – Updated: 2026-04-07 16:30
VLAI
Title
Tinyproxy HTTP request parsing desynchronization via case-sensitive Transfer-Encoding handling
Summary
Tinyproxy through 1.11.3 is vulnerable to HTTP request parsing desynchronization due to a case-sensitive comparison of the Transfer-Encoding header in src/reqs.c. The is_chunked_transfer() function uses strcmp() to compare the header value against "chunked", even though RFC 7230 specifies that transfer-coding names are case-insensitive. By sending a request with Transfer-Encoding: Chunked, an unauthenticated remote attacker can cause Tinyproxy to misinterpret the request as having no body. In this state, Tinyproxy sets content_length.client to -1, skips pull_client_data_chunked(), forwards request headers upstream, and transitions into relay_connection() raw TCP forwarding while unread body data remains buffered. This leads to inconsistent request state between Tinyproxy and backend servers. RFC-compliant backends (e.g., Node.js, Nginx) will continue waiting for chunked body data, causing connections to hang indefinitely. This behavior enables application-level denial of service through backend worker exhaustion. Additionally, in deployments where Tinyproxy is used for request-body inspection, filtering, or security enforcement, the unread body may be forwarded without proper inspection, resulting in potential security control bypass.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tinyproxy/tinyproxy/issues/604 | issue-trackingtechnical-descriptionthird-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/tinyproxy/tinyproxy | product |
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230 | technical-description |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tinyproxy Project | Tinyproxy |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.11.3
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-32239 (GCVE-0-2026-32239)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-12 19:33 – Updated: 2026-03-13 16:15
VLAI
Title
Cap'n Proto has an integer overflow in KJ-HTTP
Summary
Cap'n Proto is a data interchange format and capability-based RPC system. Prior to 1.4.0, a negative Content-Length value was converted to unsigned, treating it as an impossibly large length instead. In theory, this bug could enable HTTP request/response smuggling. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/commit/274… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/commit/e92… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-1.4.0.tar.gz | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-1.4.0.zip | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-32240 (GCVE-0-2026-32240)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-12 19:35 – Updated: 2026-03-13 16:14
VLAI
Title
Cap'n Proto: Integer overflow in KJ-HTTP chunk size
Summary
Cap'n Proto is a data interchange format and capability-based RPC system. Prior to 1.4.0, when using Transfer-Encoding: chunked, if a chunk's size parsed to a value of 2^64 or larger, it would be truncated to a 64-bit integer. In theory, this bug could enable HTTP request/response smuggling. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/commit/274… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/capnproto/capnproto/commit/e92… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-1.4.0.tar.gz | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://capnproto.org/capnproto-c++-win32-1.4.0.zip | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-33870 (GCVE-0-2026-33870)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 19:54 – Updated: 2026-03-31 13:55
VLAI
Title
Netty: HTTP Request Smuggling via Chunked Extension Quoted-String Parsing
Summary
Netty is an asynchronous, event-driven network application framework. In versions prior to 4.1.132.Final and 4.2.10.Final, Netty incorrectly parses quoted strings in HTTP/1.1 chunked transfer encoding extension values, enabling request smuggling attacks. Versions 4.1.132.Final and 4.2.10.Final fix the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://w4ke.info/2025/06/18/funky-chunks.html | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://w4ke.info/2025/10/29/funky-chunks-2.html | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-34441 (GCVE-0-2026-34441)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 21:21 – Updated: 2026-04-01 15:53
VLAI
Title
cpp-httplib: HTTP Request Smuggling via Unconsumed GET Request Body
Summary
cpp-httplib is a C++11 single-file header-only cross platform HTTP/HTTPS library. Prior to version 0.40.0, cpp-httplib is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling. The server's static file handler serves GET responses without consuming the request body. On HTTP/1.1 keep-alive connections, the unread body bytes remain on the TCP stream and are interpreted as the start of a new HTTP request. An attacker can embed an arbitrary HTTP request inside the body of a GET request, which the server processes as a separate request. This issue has been patched in version 0.40.0.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| yhirose | cpp-httplib |
Affected:
< 0.40.0
|
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CVE-2026-34525 (GCVE-0-2026-34525)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-01 20:28 – Updated: 2026-06-23 15:50
VLAI
Title
AIOHTTP: Duplicate Host header accepted
Summary
AIOHTTP is an asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python. Prior to version 3.13.4, multiple Host headers were allowed in aiohttp. This issue has been patched in version 3.13.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/commit/53e2e6… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/commit/e00ca3… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/releases/tag/… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-39805 (GCVE-0-2026-39805)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-01 20:34 – Updated: 2026-05-27 15:41
VLAI
Title
CL.CL HTTP request smuggling via duplicate Content-Length in bandit
Summary
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests vulnerability in mtrudel bandit allows HTTP request smuggling via duplicate Content-Length headers.
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When Bandit sits behind a proxy that picks the last Content-Length value and forwards the request rather than rejecting it, an unauthenticated attacker can smuggle requests past edge WAF rules, path-based ACLs, rate limiting, and audit logging.
This issue affects bandit: before 1.11.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mtrudel/bandit/security/adviso… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-39805.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-39805 | related |
| https://github.com/mtrudel/bandit/commit/f2ca636e… | patch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-40175 (GCVE-0-2026-40175)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-10 19:23 – Updated: 2026-05-20 00:26
VLAI
Title
Axios has Unrestricted Cloud Metadata Exfiltration via Header Injection Chain
Summary
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Versions prior to 1.15.0 and 0.3.1 are vulnerable to a specific gadget-style attack chain in which prototype pollution in a third-party dependency may be leveraged to inject unsanitized header values into outbound requests. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.0 and 0.3.1.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
9 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10660 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10688 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/03cdfc99e8d… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/363185461b9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v0.31.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.15.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10660#issueco… | |
| https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/… |
Impacted products
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"value": "Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Versions prior to 1.15.0 and 0.3.1 are vulnerable to a specific gadget-style attack chain in which prototype pollution in a third-party dependency may be leveraged to inject unsanitized header values into outbound requests. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.0 and 0.3.1."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "HIGH",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 4.8,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-113",
"description": "CWE-113: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers (\u0027HTTP Request/Response Splitting\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-444",
"description": "CWE-444: Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests (\u0027HTTP Request/Response Smuggling\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-918",
"description": "CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-20T00:26:34.868Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-fvcv-3m26-pcqx",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-fvcv-3m26-pcqx"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10660",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10660"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10688",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/10688"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/03cdfc99e8db32a390e12128208b6778492cee9c",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/03cdfc99e8db32a390e12128208b6778492cee9c"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/363185461b90b1b78845dc8a99a1f103d9b122a1",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/363185461b90b1b78845dc8a99a1f103d9b122a1"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v0.31.0",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v0.31.0"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.15.0",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.15.0"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-fvcv-3m26-pcqx",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Axios has Unrestricted Cloud Metadata Exfiltration via Header Injection Chain"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-40175",
"datePublished": "2026-04-10T19:23:52.285Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-04-09T20:59:17.618Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-20T00:26:34.868Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
Phase: System Configuration
Description:
- Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
['An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
['An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']