CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-VG7J-7CWX-8WGW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-15 06:30 – Updated: 2025-10-03 15:40Mongoose versions prior to 8.9.5, 7.8.4, and 6.13.6 are vulnerable to improper use of the $where operator. This vulnerability arises from the ability of the $where clause to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in MongoDB queries, potentially leading to code injection attacks and unauthorized access or manipulation of database data.
NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-53900.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "mongoose"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0-rc0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.9.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "mongoose"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0-rc0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.8.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "mongoose"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.13.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-23061"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-16T14:02:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-15T05:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Mongoose versions prior to 8.9.5, 7.8.4, and 6.13.6 are vulnerable to improper use of the `$where` operator. This vulnerability arises from the ability of the `$where` clause to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in MongoDB queries, potentially leading to code injection attacks and unauthorized access or manipulation of database data.\n\nNOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2024-53900.",
"id": "GHSA-vg7j-7cwx-8wgw",
"modified": "2025-10-03T15:40:22Z",
"published": "2025-01-15T06:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23061"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/commit/64a9f9706f2428c49e0cfb8e223065acc645f7bc"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/compare/6.13.5...6.13.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/compare/7.8.3...7.8.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/compare/8.9.4...8.9.5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/releases/tag/6.13.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/releases/tag/7.8.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/releases/tag/8.9.5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-m7xq-9374-9rvx"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/mongoose?activeTab=versions"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mongoose search injection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-VG99-QXP7-CV5M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:34 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:34Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 SP2, 3.5, 3.5.1, 4, and 4.5, and Silverlight 5 before 5.1.20513.0, does not properly prevent changes to data in multidimensional arrays of structures, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via (1) a crafted .NET Framework application or (2) a crafted Silverlight application, aka "Array Access Violation Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-3131"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-07-10T03:46:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 SP2, 3.5, 3.5.1, 4, and 4.5, and Silverlight 5 before 5.1.20513.0, does not properly prevent changes to data in multidimensional arrays of structures, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via (1) a crafted .NET Framework application or (2) a crafted Silverlight application, aka \"Array Access Violation Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-vg99-qxp7-cv5m",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:34:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:34:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-3131"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2013/ms13-052"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A17032"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A17261"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-190A"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-VG9Q-X62M-CP2M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:15 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:15The Siemens SPCanywhere application for Android does not use encryption during the loading of code, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code by modifying the client-server data stream.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-1597"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-03-07T02:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Siemens SPCanywhere application for Android does not use encryption during the loading of code, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code by modifying the client-server data stream.",
"id": "GHSA-vg9q-x62m-cp2m",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:15:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:15:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-1597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.siemens.com/innovation/pool/de/forschungsfelder/siemens_security_advisory_ssa-185226.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-VGP2-3HXM-6X85
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:48 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions starting from 11.9. GitLab was not properly validating image files that were passed to a file parser which resulted in a remote command execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22205"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-23T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions starting from 11.9. GitLab was not properly validating image files that were passed to a file parser which resulted in a remote command execution.",
"id": "GHSA-vgp2-3hxm-6x85",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:48:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1154542"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/cves/-/blob/master/2021/CVE-2021-22205.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/327121"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-22205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/164768/GitLab-Unauthenticated-Remote-ExifTool-Command-Injection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/164994/GitLab-13.10.2-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VGRM-W974-J729
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 15:30 – Updated: 2024-10-15 18:30A HTML Injection vulnerability was found in /search-result.php of PHPGurukul User Registration & Login and User Management System 3.2. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary HTML code via the searchkey parameter in a POST HTTP request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-48279"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-15T13:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A HTML Injection vulnerability was found in /search-result.php of PHPGurukul User Registration \u0026 Login and User Management System 3.2. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary HTML code via the searchkey parameter in a POST HTTP request.",
"id": "GHSA-vgrm-w974-j729",
"modified": "2024-10-15T18:30:49Z",
"published": "2024-10-15T15:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48279"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/m14r41/Writeups/blob/main/CVE/phpGurukul/User%20Registration%20%26%20Login%20and%20User%20Management%20System%20With%20admin%20panel/HTML%20Injection%20-%20Search.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VGW7-4FX3-67R7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-26 15:30 – Updated: 2023-01-05 15:30The Menu Item Visibility Control WordPress plugin through 0.5 doesn't sanitize and validate the "Visibility logic" option for WordPress menu items, which could allow highly privileged users to execute arbitrary PHP code even in a hardened environment.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-24942"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-26T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Menu Item Visibility Control WordPress plugin through 0.5 doesn\u0027t sanitize and validate the \"Visibility logic\" option for WordPress menu items, which could allow highly privileged users to execute arbitrary PHP code even in a hardened environment.",
"id": "GHSA-vgw7-4fx3-67r7",
"modified": "2023-01-05T15:30:29Z",
"published": "2022-12-26T15:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-24942"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/eaa28832-74c1-4cd5-9b0f-02338e23b418"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VH2V-JJWQ-3C7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-12 18:31 – Updated: 2024-07-12 21:31An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the component /admin/cmsWebFile/save of PublicCMS v4.0.202302.e allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40546"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-12T16:15:05Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the component /admin/cmsWebFile/save of PublicCMS v4.0.202302.e allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-vh2v-jjwq-3c7m",
"modified": "2024-07-12T21:31:17Z",
"published": "2024-07-12T18:31:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40546"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/sanluan/PublicCMS/issues/IAAKYP"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VH38-GHX6-VMVG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-03 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-23 19:41All versions of package Masuit.Tools.Core are vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via the ReceiveVarData function in the SocketClient.cs component. The socket client in the package can pass in the payload via the user-controllable input after it has been established, because this socket client transmission does not have the appropriate restrictions or type bindings for the BinaryFormatter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Masuit.Tools.Core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.4.8.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-21167"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-05-23T19:41:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-01T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of package Masuit.Tools.Core are vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via the ReceiveVarData\u003cT\u003e function in the SocketClient.cs component. The socket client in the package can pass in the payload via the user-controllable input after it has been established, because this socket client transmission does not have the appropriate restrictions or type bindings for the BinaryFormatter.",
"id": "GHSA-vh38-ghx6-vmvg",
"modified": "2022-05-23T19:41:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-03T00:00:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-21167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ldqk/Masuit.Tools"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ldqk/Masuit.Tools/blob/327f42b9f20f25bb66188672199c8265fc968d91/Masuit.Tools.Abstractions/Net/SocketClient.cs%23L197"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-DOTNET-MASUITTOOLSCORE-2316875"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Code Injection in Masuit.Tools.Core"
}
GHSA-VH44-JFRH-JF4G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:35 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:35Adobe Reader and Acrobat 8.1.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PDF file that calls an insecure JavaScript method in the EScript.api plug-in. NOTE: this issue might be subsumed by CVE-2008-0655.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-5663"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-02-12T19:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Adobe Reader and Acrobat 8.1.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PDF file that calls an insecure JavaScript method in the EScript.api plug-in. NOTE: this issue might be subsumed by CVE-2008-0655.",
"id": "GHSA-vh44-jfrh-jf4g",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:35:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:35:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-5663"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A9928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php?id=656"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/30840"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://security.gentoo.org/glsa/glsa-200803-01.xml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sunsolve.sun.com/search/document.do?assetkey=1-26-239286-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.adobe.com/support/security/advisories/apsa08-01.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.adobe.com/support/security/bulletins/apsb08-13.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/140129"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2008-0144.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA08-043A.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/1966/references"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-VH4P-XVJW-Q6RC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-25 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-26 19:00The WP All Export Pro WordPress plugin before 1.7.9 does not limit some functionality during exports only to users with the Administrator role, allowing any logged in user which has been given privileges to perform exports to execute arbitrary code on the site. By default only administrators can run exports, but the privilege can be delegated to lower privileged users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-3394"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-25T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WP All Export Pro WordPress plugin before 1.7.9 does not limit some functionality during exports only to users with the Administrator role, allowing any logged in user which has been given privileges to perform exports to execute arbitrary code on the site. By default only administrators can run exports, but the privilege can be delegated to lower privileged users.",
"id": "GHSA-vh4p-xvjw-q6rc",
"modified": "2022-10-26T19:00:40Z",
"published": "2022-10-25T19:00:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/3266eb59-a8b2-4a5a-ab48-01a9af631b2c"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.