CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8289 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CX3M-VXG2-PC6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:36 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:36PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in _theme/breadcrumb.php in MySpacePros MySpace Resource Script (MSRS) 1.21 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the rootBase parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-5721"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-10-30T21:46:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in _theme/breadcrumb.php in MySpacePros MySpace Resource Script (MSRS) 1.21 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the rootBase parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-cx3m-vxg2-pc6j",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:36:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:36:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-5721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/38167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/4585"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/38838"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/26240"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CX3W-XQMC-84G5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-15 00:30 – Updated: 2022-04-20 16:24Impact
On Windows, if Git LFS operates on a malicious repository with a git.bat or git.exe file in the current directory, that program would be executed, permitting the attacker to execute arbitrary code. This does not affect Unix systems.
This is the result of an incomplete fix for CVE-2020-27955.
This issue occurs because on Windows, Go includes (and prefers) the current directory when the name of a command run does not contain a directory separator.
Patches
This version should be patched in v2.13.2, which will be released in coordination with this security advisory.
Workarounds
Other than avoiding untrusted repositories or using a different operating system, there is no workaround.
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more?
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
- Start a discussion in the Git LFS discussion page.
- If you cannot open a discussion, please email the core team using their usernames at
github.com.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.13.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21237"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-426",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-21T17:37:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nOn Windows, if Git LFS operates on a malicious repository with a git.bat or git.exe file in the current directory, that program would be executed, permitting the attacker to execute arbitrary code. This does not affect Unix systems.\n\nThis is the result of an incomplete fix for CVE-2020-27955.\n\nThis issue occurs because on Windows, [Go includes (and prefers) the current directory when the name of a command run does not contain a directory separator](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/38736).\n\n### Patches\nThis version should be patched in v2.13.2, which will be released in coordination with this security advisory.\n\n### Workarounds\nOther than avoiding untrusted repositories or using a different operating system, there is no workaround.\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n- Start a discussion in [the Git LFS discussion page](https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/discussions).\n- If you cannot open a discussion, please email the core team using their usernames at `github.com`.",
"id": "GHSA-cx3w-xqmc-84g5",
"modified": "2022-04-20T16:24:41Z",
"published": "2022-02-15T00:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/security/advisories/GHSA-cx3w-xqmc-84g5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21237"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/commit/fc664697ed2c2081ee9633010de0a7f9debea72a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-27955"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/releases/tag/v2.13.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2021-0098"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Git LFS can execute a Git binary from the current directory on Windows"
}
GHSA-CX4W-HQCR-2343
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-12 00:00 – Updated: 2024-11-14 21:31Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2022-21892, CVE-2022-21958, CVE-2022-21959, CVE-2022-21960, CVE-2022-21961, CVE-2022-21962, CVE-2022-21963.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-21928"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-11T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2022-21892, CVE-2022-21958, CVE-2022-21959, CVE-2022-21960, CVE-2022-21961, CVE-2022-21962, CVE-2022-21963.",
"id": "GHSA-cx4w-hqcr-2343",
"modified": "2024-11-14T21:31:55Z",
"published": "2022-01-12T00:00:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-21928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2022-21928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2022-21928"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CX63-2MW6-8HW5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-15 03:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 19:47A vulnerability in the package_index module of pypa/setuptools versions up to 69.1.1 allows for remote code execution via its download functions. These functions, which are used to download packages from URLs provided by users or retrieved from package index servers, are susceptible to code injection. If these functions are exposed to user-controlled inputs, such as package URLs, they can execute arbitrary commands on the system. The issue is fixed in version 70.0.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "setuptools"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "70.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-6345"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-15T16:25:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-15T01:15:01Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the `package_index` module of pypa/setuptools versions up to 69.1.1 allows for remote code execution via its download functions. These functions, which are used to download packages from URLs provided by users or retrieved from package index servers, are susceptible to code injection. If these functions are exposed to user-controlled inputs, such as package URLs, they can execute arbitrary commands on the system. The issue is fixed in version 70.0.",
"id": "GHSA-cx63-2mw6-8hw5",
"modified": "2025-11-04T19:47:18Z",
"published": "2024-07-15T03:30:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6345"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/pull/4332"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/commit/88807c7062788254f654ea8c03427adc859321f0"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/setuptools"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/d6362117-ad57-4e83-951f-b8141c6e7ca5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/09/msg00018.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "setuptools vulnerable to Command Injection via package URL"
}
GHSA-CX78-J9QW-J4Q7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:38 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:38PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in include/timesheet.php in Ultrize TimeSheet 1.2.2, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the config[include_dir] parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-2769"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-08-14T17:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in include/timesheet.php in Ultrize TimeSheet 1.2.2, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the config[include_dir] parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-cx78-j9qw-j4q7",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:38:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:38:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-2769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/36033"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/9297"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CX7V-WCRV-84FF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:47 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:47PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in kmitaadmin/kmitam/htmlcode.php in Kmita Mail 3.0 and earlier, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the file parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-2199"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-05-14T17:20:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in kmitaadmin/kmitam/htmlcode.php in Kmita Mail 3.0 and earlier, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the file parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-cx7v-wcrv-84ff",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:47:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:47:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-2199"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/42187"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://advisories.echo.or.id/adv/adv94-K-159-2008.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/30087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3878"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/491609/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/29044"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CX9X-QMH7-267R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 07:29 – Updated: 2022-05-01 07:29Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in modules/My_eGallery/public/displayCategory.php in the pandaBB module for PHP-Nuke allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the (1) adminpath or (2) basepath parameters. NOTE: this issue might overlap CVE-2006-6795.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2006-5494"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2006-10-25T10:07:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in modules/My_eGallery/public/displayCategory.php in the pandaBB module for PHP-Nuke allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the (1) adminpath or (2) basepath parameters. NOTE: this issue might overlap CVE-2006-6795.",
"id": "GHSA-cx9x-qmh7-267r",
"modified": "2022-05-01T07:29:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T07:29:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2006-5494"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/29694"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/2599"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/22505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/29892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/20633"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2006/4121"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CXF2-PQC3-7QH3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:34 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:34Microsoft Internet Explorer 10 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-3146.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-3152"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-07-10T03:46:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft Internet Explorer 10 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka \"Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability,\" a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-3146.",
"id": "GHSA-cxf2-pqc3-7qh3",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:34:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:34:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-3152"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2013/ms13-055"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A16975"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-190A"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CXFX-7XJ7-QWJW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:35 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:35CRLF injection vulnerability in Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) 2010 Gold, Update 1, Update 2, and SP1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers, and conduct HTTP response splitting attacks and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, via unspecified vectors, aka "ExcelTable Response Splitting XSS Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-1895"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2011-10-12T02:52:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "CRLF injection vulnerability in Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) 2010 Gold, Update 1, Update 2, and SP1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers, and conduct HTTP response splitting attacks and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, via unspecified vectors, aka \"ExcelTable Response Splitting XSS Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-cxfx-7xj7-qwjw",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:35:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:35:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1895"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2011/ms11-079"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A13064"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/76235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/49979"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CXGW-R5JG-7XWQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-30 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-11 19:27Grav is vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection via Twig. According to a previous vulnerability report, Twig should not render dangerous functions by default, such as system.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "getgrav/grav"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.7.34"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-2073"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-07-05T22:13:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-29T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Grav is vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection via Twig. According to a previous vulnerability report, Twig should not render dangerous functions by default, such as system.",
"id": "GHSA-cxgw-r5jg-7xwq",
"modified": "2022-07-11T19:27:57Z",
"published": "2022-06-30T00:00:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2073"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/9d6a2dba09fd4e56f5cdfb9a399caea355bfeb83"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/3ef640e6-9e25-4ecb-8ec1-64311d63fe66"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Code injection in grav"
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.