CWE-88
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
550 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HQXF-VMVP-QR3C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-29 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-29 21:31In JetBrains TeamCity before 2026.1 remote code execution was possible via Perforce connection settings
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-49373"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-29T19:16:27Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In JetBrains TeamCity before 2026.1 remote code execution was possible via Perforce connection settings",
"id": "GHSA-hqxf-vmvp-qr3c",
"modified": "2026-05-29T21:31:23Z",
"published": "2026-05-29T21:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jetbrains.com/privacy-security/issues-fixed"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR7C-9G7W-VXMX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-06 18:32 – Updated: 2025-11-06 18:32An argument injection vulnerability exists in the affected product that could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code within the context of the host machine.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12556"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T16:15:48Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An argument injection vulnerability exists in the affected product that could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code within the context of the host machine.",
"id": "GHSA-hr7c-9g7w-vxmx",
"modified": "2025-11-06T18:32:50Z",
"published": "2025-11-06T18:32:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12556"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-308-05"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HRX3-8V75-XQRH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:14 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:14A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco NX-OS Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device. The vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of arguments passed to certain CLI commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by including malicious input as the argument of an affected command. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with elevated privileges. An attacker would need valid administrator credentials to exploit this vulnerability. MDS 9000 Series Multilayer Switches are affected running software versions prior to 6.2(27) and 8.2(3). Nexus 3000 Series Switches are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)I4(9) and 7.0(3)I7(6). Nexus 3500 Platform Switches are affected running software versions prior to 6.0(2)A8(11) and 7.0(3)I7(6). Nexus 3600 Platform Switches are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)F3(5). Nexus 9000 Series Switches in Standalone NX-OS Mode are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)I4(9), 7.0(3)I7(6). Nexus 9500 R-Series Line Cards and Fabric Modules are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)F3(5). Nexus 7000 and 7700 Series Switches are affected running software versions prior to 6.2(22) and 8.2(3).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1613"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-11T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco NX-OS Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device. The vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of arguments passed to certain CLI commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by including malicious input as the argument of an affected command. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with elevated privileges. An attacker would need valid administrator credentials to exploit this vulnerability. MDS 9000 Series Multilayer Switches are affected running software versions prior to 6.2(27) and 8.2(3). Nexus 3000 Series Switches are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)I4(9) and 7.0(3)I7(6). Nexus 3500 Platform Switches are affected running software versions prior to 6.0(2)A8(11) and 7.0(3)I7(6). Nexus 3600 Platform Switches are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)F3(5). Nexus 9000 Series Switches in Standalone NX-OS Mode are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)I4(9), 7.0(3)I7(6). Nexus 9500 R-Series Line Cards and Fabric Modules are affected running software versions prior to 7.0(3)F3(5). Nexus 7000 and 7700 Series Switches are affected running software versions prior to 6.2(22) and 8.2(3).",
"id": "GHSA-hrx3-8v75-xqrh",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:14:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:14:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190306-nxos-cmdinj-1613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107392"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J47P-2QWF-VG8R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:45Multiple vulnerabilities in the CLI of Cisco IOS XE SD-WAN Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to access the underlying operating system with root privileges. These vulnerabilities are due to insufficient input validation of certain CLI commands. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by authenticating to the device and submitting crafted input to the CLI. The attacker must be authenticated as an administrative user to execute the affected commands. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access the underlying operating system with root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1454"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-24T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in the CLI of Cisco IOS XE SD-WAN Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to access the underlying operating system with root privileges. These vulnerabilities are due to insufficient input validation of certain CLI commands. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by authenticating to the device and submitting crafted input to the CLI. The attacker must be authenticated as an administrative user to execute the affected commands. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access the underlying operating system with root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-j47p-2qwf-vg8r",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:45:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:45:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1454"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-xesdwpinj-V4weeqzU"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-J7CR-RCM3-FJ6M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:20 – Updated: 2023-01-27 21:31aaPanel through 6.6.6 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via the Script Content box on the Add Cron Job screen.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-14421"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-06-18T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "aaPanel through 6.6.6 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via the Script Content box on the Add Cron Job screen.",
"id": "GHSA-j7cr-rcm3-fj6m",
"modified": "2023-01-27T21:31:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:20:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-14421"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forum.aapanel.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenaye/aapanel"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/159575/aaPanel-6.6.6-Privilege-Escalation.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J858-XP5V-F8XX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-06-02 21:42 – Updated: 2023-08-25 21:02An argument injection vulnerability in the Dragonfly gem before 1.4.0 for Ruby allows remote attackers to read and write to arbitrary files via a crafted URL when the verify_url option is disabled. This may lead to code execution. The problem occurs because the generate and process features mishandle use of the ImageMagick convert utility.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "dragonfly"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-33564"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-01T16:59:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-29T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An argument injection vulnerability in the Dragonfly gem before 1.4.0 for Ruby allows remote attackers to read and write to arbitrary files via a crafted URL when the `verify_url` option is disabled. This may lead to code execution. The problem occurs because the generate and process features mishandle use of the ImageMagick convert utility.",
"id": "GHSA-j858-xp5v-f8xx",
"modified": "2023-08-25T21:02:50Z",
"published": "2021-06-02T21:42:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-33564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markevans/dragonfly/issues/513"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markevans/dragonfly/commit/25399297bb457f7fcf8e3f91e85945b255b111b5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-j858-xp5v-f8xx"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markevans/dragonfly/compare/v1.3.0...v1.4.0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mlr0p/CVE-2021-33564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/dragonfly/CVE-2021-33564.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates/master/cves/2021/CVE-2021-33564.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://zxsecurity.co.nz/research/argunment-injection-ruby-dragonfly"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Dragonfly contains remote code execution vulnerability"
}
GHSA-J9XF-XJQ8-6VC5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-26 09:30 – Updated: 2024-01-04 03:30Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command ('Argument Injection') vulnerability in VR-S1000 firmware Ver. 2.37 and earlier allows an authenticated attacker who can access to the product's command line interface to execute an arbitrary command.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-46681"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-26T08:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command (\u0027Argument Injection\u0027) vulnerability in VR-S1000 firmware Ver. 2.37 and earlier allows an authenticated attacker who can access to the product\u0027s command line interface to execute an arbitrary command.",
"id": "GHSA-j9xf-xjq8-6vc5",
"modified": "2024-01-04T03:30:38Z",
"published": "2023-12-26T09:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN23771490"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.buffalo.jp/news/detail/20231225-01.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JG6Q-32F6-VW6W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-17 00:30 – Updated: 2024-01-25 18:30A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco ThousandEyes Enterprise Agent, Virtual Appliance installation type, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to elevate privileges to root on an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of user-supplied CLI arguments. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to an affected device and using crafted commands at the prompt. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root. The attacker must have valid credentials on the affected device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-16T22:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco ThousandEyes Enterprise Agent, Virtual Appliance installation type, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to elevate privileges to root on an affected device.\n\n This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of user-supplied CLI arguments. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to an affected device and using crafted commands at the prompt. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root. The attacker must have valid credentials on the affected device.",
"id": "GHSA-jg6q-32f6-vw6w",
"modified": "2024-01-25T18:30:40Z",
"published": "2023-08-17T00:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-thoueye-privesc-NVhHGwb3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/174233/Cisco-ThousandEyes-Enterprise-Agent-Virtual-Appliance-Privilege-Escalation.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/Aug/20"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JPGV-X3R5-PM29
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 17:47 – Updated: 2022-05-01 17:47Argument injection vulnerability in the telnet daemon (in.telnetd) in Solaris 10 and 11 (SunOS 5.10 and 5.11) misinterprets certain client "-f" sequences as valid requests for the login program to skip authentication, which allows remote attackers to log into certain accounts, as demonstrated by the bin account.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-0882"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-02-12T20:28:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Argument injection vulnerability in the telnet daemon (in.telnetd) in Solaris 10 and 11 (SunOS 5.10 and 5.11) misinterprets certain client \"-f\" sequences as valid requests for the login program to skip authentication, which allows remote attackers to log into certain accounts, as demonstrated by the bin account.",
"id": "GHSA-jpgv-x3r5-pm29",
"modified": "2022-05-01T17:47:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T17:47:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-0882"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/32434"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A2202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://erratasec.blogspot.com/2007/02/trivial-remote-solaris-0day-disable.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://isc.sans.org/diary.html?storyid=2220"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/31881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2007/Feb/0217.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/24120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sunsolve.sun.com/search/document.do?assetkey=1-26-102802-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/881872"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/459831/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/459843/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/459855/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/459980/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/460086/100/100/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/460103/100/100/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/22512"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1017625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA07-059A.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/0560"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JPWP-H56F-5V3G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-13 21:30 – Updated: 2023-12-13 21:30An OS command injection vulnerability in the XML API of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated API user to disrupt system processes and potentially execute arbitrary code with limited privileges on the firewall.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6792"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-13T19:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An OS command injection vulnerability in the XML API of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated API user to disrupt system processes and potentially execute arbitrary code with limited privileges on the firewall.",
"id": "GHSA-jpwp-h56f-5v3g",
"modified": "2023-12-13T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2023-12-13T21:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6792"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2023-6792"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.