Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14926 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3W6X-GV34-MQPF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-26 21:24 – Updated: 2026-03-26 21:24
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw's mutating internal ACP chat commands missed operator.admin scope enforcement
Details

Summary

Mutating internal ACP chat commands missed the operator.admin gate that should separate read-only and mutating control-plane actions.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw (npm)
  • Affected: < 2026.3.22
  • Fixed: >= 2026.3.22
  • Latest released tag checked: v2026.3.23-2 (630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87)
  • Latest published npm version checked: 2026.3.23-2

Fix Commit(s)

  • 229426a257e49694a59fa4e3895861d02a4d767f

Release Status

The fix shipped in v2026.3.22 and remains present in v2026.3.23 and v2026.3.23-2.

Code-Level Confirmation

  • src/auto-reply/reply/commands-acp.ts now requires operator.admin for mutating internal ACP actions.
  • src/auto-reply/reply/commands-acp.test.ts ships regression coverage for non-admin denial and admin success cases.

OpenClaw thanks @tdjackey for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.3.22"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-26T21:24:34Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\nMutating internal ACP chat commands missed the operator.admin gate that should separate read-only and mutating control-plane actions.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: \u003c 2026.3.22\n- Fixed: \u003e= 2026.3.22\n- Latest released tag checked: `v2026.3.23-2` (`630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87`)\n- Latest published npm version checked: `2026.3.23-2`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- `229426a257e49694a59fa4e3895861d02a4d767f`\n\n## Release Status\nThe fix shipped in `v2026.3.22` and remains present in `v2026.3.23` and `v2026.3.23-2`.\n\n## Code-Level Confirmation\n- src/auto-reply/reply/commands-acp.ts now requires operator.admin for mutating internal ACP actions.\n- src/auto-reply/reply/commands-acp.test.ts ships regression coverage for non-admin denial and admin success cases.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @tdjackey for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-3w6x-gv34-mqpf",
  "modified": "2026-03-26T21:24:34Z",
  "published": "2026-03-26T21:24:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-3w6x-gv34-mqpf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/229426a257e49694a59fa4e3895861d02a4d767f"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw\u0027s mutating internal ACP chat commands missed operator.admin scope enforcement"
}

GHSA-3W7H-HJCR-7C39

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-06 12:30 – Updated: 2026-01-06 12:30
VLAI
Details

The Quiz and Survey Master (QSM) – Easy Quiz and Survey Maker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access and modification of data due to a missing capability and status checks on multiple functions in all versions up to, and including, 10.3.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view the details of unpublished, private, or password-protected quizzes, as well as submit file responses to questions from those quizzes, which allow file upload.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-9637"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-06T10:15:48Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Quiz and Survey Master (QSM) \u2013 Easy Quiz and Survey Maker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access and modification of data due to a missing capability and status checks on multiple functions in all versions up to, and including, 10.3.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view the details of unpublished, private, or password-protected quizzes, as well as submit file responses to questions from those quizzes, which allow file upload.",
  "id": "GHSA-3w7h-hjcr-7c39",
  "modified": "2026-01-06T12:30:20Z",
  "published": "2026-01-06T12:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9637"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/quiz-master-next/tags/10.2.6/php/classes/class-qmn-quiz-manager.php#L1987"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/quiz-master-next/tags/10.2.6/php/classes/class-qmn-quiz-manager.php#L281"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/quiz-master-next/tags/10.2.6/php/rest-api.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/88a9abf4-62a9-4695-87e7-18ff0b0075e9?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3W84-2H42-QPCW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-18 00:30 – Updated: 2025-01-21 18:31
VLAI
Details

In multiple locations, there is a possible way to bypass KASLR due to an unusual root cause. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-9384"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-17T23:15:12Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In multiple locations, there is a possible way to bypass KASLR due to an unusual root cause. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-3w84-2h42-qpcw",
  "modified": "2025-01-21T18:31:07Z",
  "published": "2025-01-18T00:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-9384"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2018-06-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3W89-HGWC-85V8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-11 18:30 – Updated: 2024-06-11 18:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Aspose.Cloud Marketplace Aspose.Words Exporter.This issue affects Aspose.Words Exporter: from n/a through 6.3.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-32146"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-11T17:16:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Aspose.Cloud Marketplace Aspose.Words Exporter.This issue affects Aspose.Words Exporter: from n/a through 6.3.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-3w89-hgwc-85v8",
  "modified": "2024-06-11T18:30:50Z",
  "published": "2024-06-11T18:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32146"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/aspose-doc-exporter/wordpress-aspose-words-import-and-export-word-documents-plugin-6-3-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3W93-F425-V54J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30
VLAI
Details

Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Classified Listing <= 5.3.8 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42640"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:16:54Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Classified Listing \u003c= 5.3.8 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-3w93-f425-v54j",
  "modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:47Z",
  "published": "2026-06-15T21:30:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42640"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/classified-listing/vulnerability/wordpress-classified-listing-plugin-5-3-8-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3WCH-6HWJ-H7F9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-13 12:35 – Updated: 2026-07-13 12:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Themefic Tourfic tourfic allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Tourfic: from n/a through <= 2.22.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-57392"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-13T10:16:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Themefic Tourfic tourfic allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Tourfic: from n/a through \u003c= 2.22.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-3wch-6hwj-h7f9",
  "modified": "2026-07-13T12:35:02Z",
  "published": "2026-07-13T12:35:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57392"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/tourfic/vulnerability/wordpress-tourfic-plugin-2-22-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3WCX-X5MH-PHRW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-31 09:31 – Updated: 2025-01-31 09:31
VLAI
Details

The Custom Login Page Styler – Limit Login Attempts – Restrict Content With Login – Redirect After Login – Change Login URL – Sign in , Sign out plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access due to a missing capability check on the lps_handle_delete_all_logs(), lps_handle_delete_login_log(), and lps_handle_end_session() functions in all versions up to, and including, 7.1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete login logs and end user sessions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-13530"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-31T08:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Custom Login Page Styler \u2013 Limit Login Attempts \u2013 Restrict Content With Login \u2013 Redirect After Login \u2013 Change Login URL \u2013 Sign in , Sign out plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access due to a missing capability check on the lps_handle_delete_all_logs(), lps_handle_delete_login_log(), and lps_handle_end_session() functions in all versions up to, and including, 7.1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete login logs and end user sessions.",
  "id": "GHSA-3wcx-x5mh-phrw",
  "modified": "2025-01-31T09:31:49Z",
  "published": "2025-01-31T09:31:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13530"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/login-page-styler/tags/7.1.2/loginPageStylerLogSettings.php#L111"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/login-page-styler/tags/7.1.2/loginPageStylerLogSettings.php#L122"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3232237%40login-page-styler\u0026new=3232237%40login-page-styler\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/login-page-styler"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a143d611-9e22-49d1-9a9f-12f1c45685c4?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3WG7-R7Q5-R2JF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-16 18:31 – Updated: 2025-01-21 17:12
VLAI
Summary
Indico Insecure Access
Details

A Broken Object Level Authorization (BOLA) vulnerability in Indico v3.2.9 allows attackers to access sensitive information via sending a crafted POST request to the component /api/principals.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "indico"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.2.9"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-50633"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-201",
      "CWE-639",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-16T20:09:49Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-16T18:15:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A Broken Object Level Authorization (BOLA) vulnerability in Indico v3.2.9 allows attackers to access sensitive information via sending a crafted POST request to the component /api/principals.",
  "id": "GHSA-3wg7-r7q5-r2jf",
  "modified": "2025-01-21T17:12:43Z",
  "published": "2025-01-16T18:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cetinpy/CVE-2024-50633/issues/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cetinpy/CVE-2024-50633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/indico/indico"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Indico Insecure Access"
}

GHSA-3WHC-PGH2-HHM5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-04 21:31
VLAI
Details

In multiple locations, there is a possible way to record audio via a background app due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-48549"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:41Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In multiple locations, there is a possible way to record audio via a background app due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-3whc-pgh2-hhm5",
  "modified": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
  "published": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48549"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/av/+/37e7f808fad105da187b021fb762a66d37c9212a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/av/+/8c09eb1034cb3b02a66f6c241c0b9c9981998d6f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/00344da68fce6ec4f7a1bf36f0ea3797805f00ce"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/20e363e2225843ff3cc7d6bea05ae2f4db83b408"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/acbd37d21c2feffb6d64e669b956d59a6062b751"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-09-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3WJ6-WMRJ-4CHX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-16 15:34 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Sebastian Lee Dynamic Post allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Dynamic Post: from n/a through 4.10.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-39522"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-16T13:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Sebastian Lee Dynamic Post allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Dynamic Post: from n/a through 4.10.",
  "id": "GHSA-3wj6-wmrj-4chx",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:43Z",
  "published": "2025-04-16T15:34:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-39522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/dynamic-post/vulnerability/wordpress-dynamic-post-4-10-settings-change-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.