Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14836 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-25GX-X37C-7PPH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-03 19:17 – Updated: 2026-03-30 13:43
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw's andbox browser noVNC observer lacked VNC authentication
Details

The sandbox browser entrypoint launched x11vnc without authentication (-nopw) for noVNC observer sessions.

OpenClaw-managed runtime flow publishes the noVNC port to host loopback only (127.0.0.1), so default exposure is local to the host unless operators explicitly expose the port more broadly (or run the image standalone with broad port publishing).

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: docker/openclaw
  • Affected: <= 2026.2.19-2
  • Patched: >= 2026.2.21

Technical details

  • scripts/sandbox-browser-entrypoint.sh used x11vnc ... -nopw for noVNC observer flow.
  • websockify exposed noVNC for the container listener.
  • OpenClaw runtime (src/agents/sandbox/browser.ts) already mapped host publish to loopback, but observer auth was missing.

Fix

  • Require VNC password auth in the sandbox browser entrypoint (x11vnc -rfbauth), replacing -nopw.
  • Generate per-container noVNC password in runtime and inject OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NOVNC_PASSWORD.
  • Emit short-lived noVNC observer token URLs instead of sharing raw noVNC passwords in shared URLs.
  • Keep loopback-only host port publish and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch.
  • Add security audit findings for sandbox browser containers that publish ports on non-loopback interfaces.

Operational note: rebuild the sandbox browser image and recreate browser containers so existing containers pick up the fix.

Fix Commit(s)

  • 621d8e1312482f122f18c43c72c67211b141da01
  • 8c1518f0f3e0533593cd2dec3a46c9b746753661

Release Process Note

Patched version is pre-set to the planned next release (2026.2.21). After npm release, this advisory can be published without further field edits.

OpenClaw thanks @TerminalsandCoffee for reporting.

Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.2.21"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-32064"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-03T19:17:48Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The sandbox browser entrypoint launched `x11vnc` without authentication (`-nopw`) for noVNC observer sessions.\n\nOpenClaw-managed runtime flow publishes the noVNC port to host loopback only (`127.0.0.1`), so default exposure is local to the host unless operators explicitly expose the port more broadly (or run the image standalone with broad port publishing).\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `docker/openclaw`\n- Affected: `\u003c= 2026.2.19-2`\n- Patched: `\u003e= 2026.2.21`\n\n## Technical details\n\n- `scripts/sandbox-browser-entrypoint.sh` used `x11vnc ... -nopw` for noVNC observer flow.\n- `websockify` exposed noVNC for the container listener.\n- OpenClaw runtime (`src/agents/sandbox/browser.ts`) already mapped host publish to loopback, but observer auth was missing.\n\n## Fix\n\n- Require VNC password auth in the sandbox browser entrypoint (`x11vnc -rfbauth`), replacing `-nopw`.\n- Generate per-container noVNC password in runtime and inject `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NOVNC_PASSWORD`.\n- Emit short-lived noVNC observer token URLs instead of sharing raw noVNC passwords in shared URLs.\n- Keep loopback-only host port publish and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch.\n- Add security audit findings for sandbox browser containers that publish ports on non-loopback interfaces.\n\nOperational note: rebuild the sandbox browser image and recreate browser containers so existing containers pick up the fix.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `621d8e1312482f122f18c43c72c67211b141da01`\n- `8c1518f0f3e0533593cd2dec3a46c9b746753661`\n\n## Release Process Note\n\nPatched version is pre-set to the planned next release (`2026.2.21`). After npm release, this advisory can be published without further field edits.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @TerminalsandCoffee for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-25gx-x37c-7pph",
  "modified": "2026-03-30T13:43:24Z",
  "published": "2026-03-03T19:17:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-25gx-x37c-7pph"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32064"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/621d8e1312482f122f18c43c72c67211b141da01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/8c1518f0f3e0533593cd2dec3a46c9b746753661"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-missing-vnc-authentication-in-sandbox-browser-novnc-observer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw\u0027s andbox browser noVNC observer lacked VNC authentication"
}

GHSA-25JR-PJV8-633R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Rara Themes Business One Page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Business One Page: from n/a through 1.2.9.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-37505"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Rara Themes Business One Page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Business One Page: from n/a through 1.2.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-25jr-pjv8-633r",
  "modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "published": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37505"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/business-one-page/wordpress-business-one-page-theme-1-2-9-broken-access-control-on-notice-dismissal-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25PP-6H88-3WPX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-13 00:31 – Updated: 2024-03-13 00:31
VLAI
Details

The Bulgarisation for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in all versions up to, and including, 3.0.14. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on several functions. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to generate and delete labels via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.

Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-2395"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-12T22:15:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Bulgarisation for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in all versions up to, and including, 3.0.14. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on several functions. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to generate and delete labels via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.",
  "id": "GHSA-25pp-6h88-3wpx",
  "modified": "2024-03-13T00:31:22Z",
  "published": "2024-03-13T00:31:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2395"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3034198%40bulgarisation-for-woocommerce\u0026new=3034198%40bulgarisation-for-woocommerce\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/4ff1d12e-1129-40d3-8c29-3a46ffc77872?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25QP-VG38-C324

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-04 06:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 06:31
VLAI
Details

The Import Export For WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the update_setting() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update the plugin's record setting.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-12389"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-04T05:16:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Import Export For WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the update_setting() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update the plugin\u0027s record setting.",
  "id": "GHSA-25qp-vg38-c324",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T06:31:12Z",
  "published": "2025-11-04T06:31:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12389"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/import-export-for-woocommerce"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a5a93e3f-54c6-4970-96fd-fab0e81f7034?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25RC-3M9X-WR5G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-19 15:30 – Updated: 2024-06-19 15:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Elementor Elementor Pro.This issue affects Elementor Pro: from n/a through 3.13.0.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-35050"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-19T13:15:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Elementor Elementor Pro.This issue affects Elementor Pro: from n/a through 3.13.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-25rc-3m9x-wr5g",
  "modified": "2024-06-19T15:30:52Z",
  "published": "2024-06-19T15:30:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-35050"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/elementor-pro/wordpress-elementor-pro-plugin-3-13-0-subscriber-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25RC-V26V-6W83

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-02 03:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:33
VLAI
Details

The Flynax Bridge plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the deleteUser() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.2.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary users.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-4177"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-02T03:15:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Flynax Bridge plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized loss of data due to a missing capability check on the deleteUser() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.2.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary users.",
  "id": "GHSA-25rc-v26v-6w83",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T21:33:04Z",
  "published": "2025-05-02T03:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4177"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/flynax-bridge/trunk/src/API.php#L386"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3306501"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/dcb33d02-d384-4dff-91e1-c49e86b97d6e?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25X6-7VRP-CGPR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-10 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-15 18:30
VLAI
Details

In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.

Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-47477"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-10T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-25x6-7vrp-cgpr",
  "modified": "2023-03-15T18:30:25Z",
  "published": "2023-03-10T21:30:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47477"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1632612109718192129"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2622-7MVW-7JRG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-13 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme Business One Page business-one-page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Business One Page: from n/a through <= 1.3.2.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-32340"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme Business One Page business-one-page allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Business One Page: from n/a through \u003c= 1.3.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-2622-7mvw-7jrg",
  "modified": "2026-03-13T21:31:47Z",
  "published": "2026-03-13T21:31:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32340"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/business-one-page/vulnerability/wordpress-business-one-page-theme-1-3-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-262C-7VHP-VJRH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-12 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:03
VLAI
Details

In music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.

Severity
3.3 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-33880"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-12T09:15:12Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "In music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-262c-7vhp-vjrh",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:03:07Z",
  "published": "2023-07-12T09:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33880"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1676902764208259073"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-262V-CVCM-VWC2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-06 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in anibalwainstein Effect Maker effect-maker allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Effect Maker: from n/a through <= 1.2.1.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62914"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T16:16:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in anibalwainstein Effect Maker effect-maker allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Effect Maker: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-262v-cvcm-vwc2",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:55Z",
  "published": "2025-11-06T18:32:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62914"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/effect-maker/vulnerability/wordpress-effect-maker-plugin-1-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/effect-maker/vulnerability/wordpress-effect-maker-plugin-1-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/effect-maker/vulnerability/wordpress-effect-maker-plugin-1-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.

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