CWE-693
DiscouragedProtection Mechanism Failure
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Draft
The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.
978 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WCW7-26P5-FFXV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 06:30 – Updated: 2024-07-09 06:30Due to a Protection Mechanism Failure in SAP NetWeaver Application Server for ABAP and ABAP Platform, a developer can bypass the configured malware scanner API because of a programming error. This leads to a low impact on the application's confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-39599"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T05:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to a Protection Mechanism Failure in SAP\nNetWeaver Application Server for ABAP and ABAP Platform, a developer can bypass\nthe configured malware scanner API because of a programming error. This leads\nto a low impact on the application\u0027s confidentiality, integrity, and\navailability.",
"id": "GHSA-wcw7-26p5-ffxv",
"modified": "2024-07-09T06:30:40Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T06:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39599"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3456952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WFF9-XM82-6WP2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-25 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-28 00:00This issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in watchOS 8.7, iOS 15.6 and iPadOS 15.6, macOS Monterey 12.5. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-32845"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-23T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in watchOS 8.7, iOS 15.6 and iPadOS 15.6, macOS Monterey 12.5. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.",
"id": "GHSA-wff9-xm82-6wp2",
"modified": "2022-09-28T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-09-25T00:00:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32845"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213345"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213346"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WFVJ-PF5X-3547
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:29 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:29Suricata before 4.0.4 is prone to an HTTP detection bypass vulnerability in detect.c and stream-tcp.c. If a malicious server breaks a normal TCP flow and sends data before the 3-way handshake is complete, then the data sent by the malicious server will be accepted by web clients such as a web browser or Linux CLI utilities, but ignored by Suricata IDS signatures. This mostly affects IDS signatures for the HTTP protocol and TCP stream content; signatures for TCP packets will inspect such network traffic as usual.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-6794"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-02-07T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Suricata before 4.0.4 is prone to an HTTP detection bypass vulnerability in detect.c and stream-tcp.c. If a malicious server breaks a normal TCP flow and sends data before the 3-way handshake is complete, then the data sent by the malicious server will be accepted by web clients such as a web browser or Linux CLI utilities, but ignored by Suricata IDS signatures. This mostly affects IDS signatures for the HTTP protocol and TCP stream content; signatures for TCP packets will inspect such network traffic as usual.",
"id": "GHSA-wfvj-pf5x-3547",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:29:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:29:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-6794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OISF/suricata/pull/3202/commits/e1ef57c848bbe4e567d5d4b66d346a742e3f77a1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2018/12/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://redmine.openinfosecfoundation.org/issues/2427"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://suricata-ids.org/2018/02/14/suricata-4-0-4-available"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44247"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WG6V-774H-3XGV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 12:30 – Updated: 2025-09-04 15:30In gxp_mapping_create of gxp_mapping.c, there is a possible privilege escalation due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-36905"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T10:42:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In gxp_mapping_create of gxp_mapping.c, there is a possible privilege escalation due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-wg6v-774h-3xgv",
"modified": "2025-09-04T15:30:28Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T12:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-36905"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2025-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WGX4-F5CH-J468
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-11 15:31 – Updated: 2025-07-15 15:30A Protection Mechanism Failure vulnerability in kernel filter processing of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an attacker sending IPv6 traffic to an interface to effectively bypass any firewall filtering configured on the interface.
Due to an issue with Junos OS kernel filter processing, the 'payload-protocol' match is not being supported, causing any term containing it to accept all packets without taking any other action. In essence, these firewall filter terms were being processed as an 'accept' for all traffic on the interface.
This issue affects Junos OS:
- all versions before 21.2R3-S9,
- from 21.4 before 21.4R3-S11,
- from 22.2 before 22.2R3-S7,
- from 22.4 before 22.4R3-S7,
- from 23.2 before 23.2R2-S4,
- from 23.4 before 23.4R2-S5,
- from 24.2 before 24.2R2-S1,
- from 24.4 before 24.4R1-S2, 24.4R2.
This is a more complete fix for previously published CVE-2024-21607 (JSA75748).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-52951"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-11T15:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A Protection Mechanism Failure vulnerability in kernel filter processing of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an attacker sending IPv6 traffic to an interface to effectively bypass any firewall filtering configured on the interface.\n\nDue to an issue with Junos OS kernel filter processing, the \u0027payload-protocol\u0027 match is not being supported, causing any term containing it\u00a0to accept all packets without taking any other action. In essence, these firewall filter terms were being processed as an \u0027accept\u0027 for all traffic on the interface.\n\nThis issue affects Junos OS:\u00a0\n\n\n\n * all versions before 21.2R3-S9,\u00a0\n * from 21.4 before 21.4R3-S11,\u00a0\n * from 22.2 before 22.2R3-S7,\u00a0\n * from 22.4 before 22.4R3-S7,\u00a0\n * from 23.2 before 23.2R2-S4,\u00a0\n * from 23.4 before 23.4R2-S5,\u00a0\n * from 24.2 before 24.2R2-S1,\u00a0\n * from 24.4 before 24.4R1-S2, 24.4R2.\n\n\n\nThis is a more complete fix for previously published\u00a0CVE-2024-21607 (JSA75748).",
"id": "GHSA-wgx4-f5ch-j468",
"modified": "2025-07-15T15:30:41Z",
"published": "2025-07-11T15:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52951"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA100055"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:Y/R:U/V:X/RE:M/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-WGX9-7JP7-736M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-05 15:31In setupAccessibilityServices of AccessibilityFragment.java, there is a possible way to hide an enabled accessibility service due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-26431"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T20:15:36Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In setupAccessibilityServices of AccessibilityFragment.java, there is a possible way to hide an enabled accessibility service due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-wgx9-7jp7-736m",
"modified": "2025-09-05T15:31:07Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T21:31:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26431"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/wear/2025-05-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WH72-9GX8-GWHV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-15 18:30 – Updated: 2024-11-15 18:30Multiple Cisco products are affected by a vulnerability in the Snort detection engine that could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass a configured file policy for HTTP. The vulnerability is due to incorrect handling of specific HTTP header parameters. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted HTTP packets through an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass a configured file policy for HTTP packets and deliver a malicious payload.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1494"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-15T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Multiple Cisco products are affected by a vulnerability in the Snort detection engine that could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass a configured file policy for HTTP.\n The vulnerability is due to incorrect handling of specific HTTP header parameters. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted HTTP packets through an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass a configured file policy for HTTP packets and deliver a malicious payload.",
"id": "GHSA-wh72-9gx8-gwhv",
"modified": "2024-11-15T18:30:51Z",
"published": "2024-11-15T18:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1494"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-http-fp-bp-KfDdcQhc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WHM5-2RX4-QHV5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-13 00:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.6, macOS Sequoia 15.5, macOS Sonoma 14.7.6. An app may be able to bypass certain Privacy preferences.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-12T22:15:23Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7.6, macOS Sequoia 15.5, macOS Sonoma 14.7.6. An app may be able to bypass certain Privacy preferences.",
"id": "GHSA-whm5-2rx4-qhv5",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:51Z",
"published": "2025-05-13T00:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122716"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/122718"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WJ5P-X3CR-46W8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-05 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:23A compliance problem was found in the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform. Red Hat discovered that, when FIPS mode was enabled, not all of the cryptographic modules in use were FIPS-validated.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-3089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-521",
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-05T13:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A compliance problem was found in the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform. Red Hat discovered that, when FIPS mode was enabled, not all of the cryptographic modules in use were FIPS-validated.",
"id": "GHSA-wj5p-x3cr-46w8",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:23:29Z",
"published": "2023-07-05T15:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-3089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2212085"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WM47-XW3J-CMFH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-30 00:32 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34A permissions issue was addressed with additional sandbox restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.6. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43273"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-30T00:15:38Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A permissions issue was addressed with additional sandbox restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.6. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions.",
"id": "GHSA-wm47-xw3j-cmfh",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:17Z",
"published": "2025-07-30T00:32:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43273"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/124149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jul/32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/55"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-107: Cross Site Tracing
Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-237: Escaping a Sandbox by Calling Code in Another Language
The attacker may submit malicious code of another language to obtain access to privileges that were not intentionally exposed by the sandbox, thus escaping the sandbox. For instance, Java code cannot perform unsafe operations, such as modifying arbitrary memory locations, due to restrictions placed on it by the Byte code Verifier and the JVM. If allowed, Java code can call directly into native C code, which may perform unsafe operations, such as call system calls and modify arbitrary memory locations on their behalf. To provide isolation, Java does not grant untrusted code with unmediated access to native C code. Instead, the sandboxed code is typically allowed to call some subset of the pre-existing native code that is part of standard libraries.
CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality
An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-480: Escaping Virtualization
An adversary gains access to an application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by escaping the confines of a virtualized environment. The adversary is then able to access resources or execute unauthorized code within the host environment, generally with the privileges of the user running the virtualized process. Successfully executing an attack of this type is often the first step in executing more complex attacks.
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-74: Manipulating State
The adversary modifies state information maintained by the target software or causes a state transition in hardware. If successful, the target will use this tainted state and execute in an unintended manner.
State management is an important function within a software application. User state maintained by the application can include usernames, payment information, browsing history as well as application-specific contents such as items in a shopping cart. Manipulating user state can be employed by an adversary to elevate privilege, conduct fraudulent transactions or otherwise modify the flow of the application to derive certain benefits.
If there is a hardware logic error in a finite state machine, the adversary can use this to put the system in an undefined state which could cause a denial of service or exposure of secure data.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.