Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-284

Discouraged

Improper Access Control

Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.

7806 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-8VFR-R3M3-8998

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:49 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:49
VLAI
Details

The web UI in Red Hat CloudForms 4.1 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via vectors involving "Lack of field filters."

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-5383"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-08-26T14:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The web UI in Red Hat CloudForms 4.1 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via vectors involving \"Lack of field filters.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-8vfr-r3m3-8998",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:49:36Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:49:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-5383"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2016-1634.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92585"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8VG2-WF3Q-MWV7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-23 19:47 – Updated: 2023-03-31 16:08
VLAI
Summary
directus vulnerable to Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File
Details

Summary

CWE-532: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File discovered in v9.23.1. The directus_refresh_token is not redacted properly from the log outputs and can be used to impersonate users without their permission.

Details

Using v9.23.1, I am seeing that the directus_refresh_token is not properly redacted as indicated by https://github.com/directus/directus/blob/7c479c5161639aac466c763b6b958a9524201d74/api/src/logger.ts#L13

I'm classifying this as a security vulnerability because if someone has access to the log outputs, for example with a shared Cloud account or Splunk implementation, they could exchange the refresh token using /auth/refresh for an access token and use the token to perform actions on behalf of an unsuspecting user. This situation creates issues with accountability and non-repudiation because we can no longer have confidence that actions taken in the application were authorized or even performed by the logged-in user.

A couple of examples of this are: - A disgruntled employee deletes all of the data to get even with a target team member before logging off on their last day - Under the guise of their unsuspecting boss, a mischievous engineer uploads questionable images that get displayed on internal or external facing content sites

The list could go on but I think these communicate the risk of an internal threat that has access to this information 😆

PoC

  1. Set LOG_STYLE="raw" and run Directus v9.23.1
  2. Log in to the application

  3. Look at the shell output and see that directus_refresh_token is logged > Note: This is different from the standard raw output format. I intentionally ran this with npx directus start | pino-pretty so logs would be easier to read. It can also be reproduced by running npx directus start alone.

    image

  4. Exchange the directus_refresh_token for an access_token

    shell curl -X POST \ 'http://0.0.0.0:8055/auth/refresh' \ --header 'Accept: */*' \ --header 'Cookie: directus_refresh_token=$shh'

Impact

Because this can be used to exploit other threats related to CWE-284: Improper Access Control I rank it with a Moderate severity. An insider with knowledge of this could do many mischievous things and get away with them for a long time without victims knowing about it.

Severity
4.2 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "directus"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "9.23.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-28443"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-23T19:47:12Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-24T00:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nCWE-532: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File discovered in v9.23.1. The `directus_refresh_token` is not redacted properly from the log outputs and can be used to impersonate users without their permission. \n\n### Details\n\nUsing `v9.23.1`, I am seeing that the `directus_refresh_token` is not properly redacted as indicated by https://github.com/directus/directus/blob/7c479c5161639aac466c763b6b958a9524201d74/api/src/logger.ts#L13\n\nI\u0027m classifying this as a security vulnerability because if someone has access to the log outputs, for example with a shared Cloud account or Splunk implementation, they could exchange the refresh token using `/auth/refresh` for an access token and use the token to perform actions on behalf of an unsuspecting user. This situation creates issues with accountability and non-repudiation because we can no longer have confidence that actions taken in the application were authorized or even performed by the logged-in user. \n\nA couple of examples of this are:\n- A disgruntled employee deletes all of the data to get even with a target team member before logging off on their last day\n- Under the guise of their unsuspecting boss, a mischievous engineer uploads _questionable_ images that get displayed on internal or external facing content sites\n\nThe list could go on but I think these communicate the risk of an internal threat that has access to this information \ud83d\ude06 \n\n### PoC\n1. Set `LOG_STYLE=\"raw\"` and run Directus v9.23.1\n1. Log in to the application\n1. Look at the shell output and see that `directus_refresh_token` is logged\n    \u003e Note: This is different from the standard `raw` output format. I intentionally ran this with `npx directus start | pino-pretty` so logs would be easier to read. It can also be reproduced by running `npx directus start` alone. \n\n    ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13325146/224877190-54e12d7e-3c3e-42d3-9e21-0bd4439f4f44.png)\n\n1. Exchange the `directus_refresh_token` for an `access_token`\n\n     ``` shell\n      curl -X POST \\\n        \u0027http://0.0.0.0:8055/auth/refresh\u0027 \\\n        --header \u0027Accept: */*\u0027 \\\n        --header \u0027Cookie: directus_refresh_token=$shh\u0027\n     ```\n\n### Impact\nBecause this can be used to exploit other threats related to  [CWE-284: Improper Access Control](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/284.html) I rank it with a Moderate severity. An insider with knowledge of this could do many mischievous things and get away with them for a long time without victims knowing about it. \n",
  "id": "GHSA-8vg2-wf3q-mwv7",
  "modified": "2023-03-31T16:08:10Z",
  "published": "2023-03-23T19:47:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/security/advisories/GHSA-8vg2-wf3q-mwv7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28443"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/commit/349536303983ccba68ecb3e4fb35315424011afc"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/directus/directus"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/blob/7c479c5161639aac466c763b6b958a9524201d74/api/src/logger.ts#L13"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "directus vulnerable to Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File"
}

GHSA-8VPH-C3QM-569R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 00:34 – Updated: 2026-07-02 15:32
VLAI
Details

Insufficient policy enforcement in WebView in Google Chrome on Android prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-13964"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-30T23:17:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Insufficient policy enforcement in WebView in Google Chrome on Android prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
  "id": "GHSA-8vph-c3qm-569r",
  "modified": "2026-07-02T15:32:01Z",
  "published": "2026-07-01T00:34:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13964"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0175352312.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/513735096"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8VPJ-FWMM-XMCM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-12-23 00:30
VLAI
Details

youlai-boot V2.21.1 is vulnerable to Incorrect Access Control. The importUsers function in SysUserController.java does not perform a permission check on the current user's identity, which may allow regular users to import user data into the database, resulting in an authorization bypass vulnerability.

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66736"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-22T21:15:44Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "youlai-boot V2.21.1 is vulnerable to Incorrect Access Control. The importUsers function in SysUserController.java does not perform a permission check on the current user\u0027s identity, which may allow regular users to import user data into the database, resulting in an authorization bypass vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-8vpj-fwmm-xmcm",
  "modified": "2025-12-23T00:30:31Z",
  "published": "2025-12-22T21:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66736"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/old6ma/be1d4a5373ee2de901ed4c8d81485046"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitee.com/youlaiorg/youlai-boot/commit/9197065102f92264ded814a9d3e9f2a4ff0da121"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitee.com/youlaiorg/youlai-boot/issues/ICH8FV"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8VQP-QFPF-CM68

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 15:33 – Updated: 2026-06-19 15:33
VLAI
Details

A security vulnerability has been identified in FlexNet Manager Suite 2025 R1 and R2 that could allow unauthorized access to attachment files due to insufficient access control.

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-4027"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-19T14:16:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A security vulnerability has been identified in FlexNet Manager Suite 2025 R1 and R2 that could allow unauthorized access to attachment files due to insufficient access control.",
  "id": "GHSA-8vqp-qfpf-cm68",
  "modified": "2026-06-19T15:33:18Z",
  "published": "2026-06-19T15:33:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4027"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://community.flexera.com/s/feed/0D5PL00000ssjNi0AI"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8VWJ-Q58W-H3JX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:05 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:05
VLAI
Details

IBM OpenPages GRC Platform 6.2 before IF7, 6.2.1 before 6.2.1.1 IF5, 7.0 before FP4, and 7.1 before FP1 allows remote authenticated users to modify arbitrary user filters via a JSON request.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-0141"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2015-10-03T22:59:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM OpenPages GRC Platform 6.2 before IF7, 6.2.1 before 6.2.1.1 IF5, 7.0 before FP4, and 7.1 before FP1 allows remote authenticated users to modify arbitrary user filters via a JSON request.",
  "id": "GHSA-8vwj-q58w-h3jx",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T04:05:59Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T04:05:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-0141"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21963358"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8W54-76VF-9QXJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-20 00:00 – Updated: 2024-02-23 21:30
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Libraries). Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 7u331, 8u321, 11.0.14, 17.0.2, 18; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.5, 21.3.1 and 22.0.0.2. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition accessible data. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability can also be exploited by using APIs in the specified Component, e.g., through a web service which supplies data to the APIs. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N).

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-21476"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-04-19T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Libraries). Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 7u331, 8u321, 11.0.14, 17.0.2, 18; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.5, 21.3.1 and 22.0.0.2. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition accessible data. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability can also be exploited by using APIs in the specified Component, e.g., through a web service which supplies data to the APIs. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N).",
  "id": "GHSA-8w54-76vf-9qxj",
  "modified": "2024-02-23T21:30:47Z",
  "published": "2022-04-20T00:00:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-21476"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/05/msg00017.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220429-0006"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5128"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5131"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8W62-X288-2HJ4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-06 00:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:31
VLAI
Details

TP-Link JetStream Smart Switch TL-SG2210P 5.0 Build 20211201 allows attackers to escalate privileges via modification of the 'tid' and 'usrlvl' values in GET requests.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-43318"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-06T00:15:52Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "TP-Link JetStream Smart Switch TL-SG2210P 5.0 Build 20211201 allows attackers to escalate privileges via modification of the \u0027tid\u0027 and \u0027usrlvl\u0027 values in GET requests.",
  "id": "GHSA-8w62-x288-2hj4",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T21:31:16Z",
  "published": "2024-03-06T00:31:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-43318"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/str2ver/CVE-2023-43318/tree/main"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Mar/9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Mar/9"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8W94-GGWF-26RW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-07 18:30 – Updated: 2025-04-08 21:31
VLAI
Details

An issue in RUoYi v.4.8.0 allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges via the /editSave method in SysNoticeController

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-28412"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-07T16:15:25Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue in RUoYi v.4.8.0 allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges via the /editSave method in SysNoticeController",
  "id": "GHSA-8w94-ggwf-26rw",
  "modified": "2025-04-08T21:31:38Z",
  "published": "2025-04-07T18:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-28412"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/20210607/cve_public/blob/main/ruoyi_case/CVE-2025-28412.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/yangzongzhuan/RuoYi"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8WGQ-QVW2-5GQH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-16 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34
VLAI
Details

This issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in Xcode 26. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.

Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-43371"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-15T23:15:38Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in Xcode 26. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.",
  "id": "GHSA-8wgq-qvw2-5gqh",
  "modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:34Z",
  "published": "2025-09-16T00:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43371"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125117"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Sep/60"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Architecture and Design Operation

Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts

An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.

CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion

An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.

CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration

An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.

CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.

CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof

An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.

CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure

An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.

CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration

An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.

CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment

An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.

CAPEC-550: Install New Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.

CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.

CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.

CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers

When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.

CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable

An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.

CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File

An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.

CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot

An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.

CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon

Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.

CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software

An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.

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