CWE-284
DiscouragedImproper Access Control
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.
7799 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-639H-86HW-QCJQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-05 20:52 – Updated: 2023-10-13 22:47Impact
The templates module doesn't enforce the correct permissions, allowing any logged-in user to access to this functionality in the administration panel. An attacker could use this vulnerability to change, create or delete templates of surveys.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "decidim"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.23.2"
},
{
"fixed": "0.26.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "decidim-templates"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.23.2"
},
{
"fixed": "0.26.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "decidim-templates"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.27.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.27.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "decidim"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.27.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.27.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36465"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-732"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-10-05T20:52:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-06T12:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe `templates` module doesn\u0027t enforce the correct permissions, allowing any logged-in user to access to this functionality in the administration panel. An attacker could use this vulnerability to change, create or delete templates of surveys.\n",
"id": "GHSA-639h-86hw-qcjq",
"modified": "2023-10-13T22:47:57Z",
"published": "2023-10-05T20:52:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/decidim/decidim/security/advisories/GHSA-639h-86hw-qcjq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36465"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/decidim/decidim"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/decidim/decidim/releases/tag/v0.26.8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/decidim/decidim/releases/tag/v0.27.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/decidim-templates/CVE-2023-36465.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/decidim/CVE-2023-36465.yml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Decidim has broken access control in templates"
}
GHSA-63GJ-7VMW-35Q4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-19 12:30 – Updated: 2025-04-19 12:30A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in WCMS 11. This issue affects the function sub of the file app/admin/AdvadminController.php of the component Advertisement Image Handler. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3798"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-19T10:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in WCMS 11. This issue affects the function sub of the file app/admin/AdvadminController.php of the component Advertisement Image Handler. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-63gj-7vmw-35q4",
"modified": "2025-04-19T12:30:34Z",
"published": "2025-04-19T12:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3798"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/IceFoxH/VULN/issues/16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.305651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.305651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.554696"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-63W4-J4CP-RWJ8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:21 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:21The Policy Manager in Aruba Networks ClearPass before 6.3.6 and 6.4.x before 6.4.1 allows remote authenticated users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-6625"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-11-19T18:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Policy Manager in Aruba Networks ClearPass before 6.3.6 and 6.4.x before 6.4.1 allows remote authenticated users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-63w4-j4cp-rwj8",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:21:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:21:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-6625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/61916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.arubanetworks.com/support/alerts/aid-10282014.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-63W4-J7HQ-V5QF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-07 03:30 – Updated: 2024-08-28 00:32An issue was discovered in Lustre versions 2.13.x, 2.14.x, and 2.15.x before 2.15.4, allows attackers to escalate privileges and obtain sensitive information via Incorrect Access Control.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-51786"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-07T01:15:52Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Lustre versions 2.13.x, 2.14.x, and 2.15.x before 2.15.4, allows attackers to escalate privileges and obtain sensitive information via Incorrect Access Control.",
"id": "GHSA-63w4-j7hq-v5qf",
"modified": "2024-08-28T00:32:14Z",
"published": "2024-03-07T03:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51786"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.lustre.org/pipermail/lustre-announce-lustre.org/2024/000270.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/03/12/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6427-RMFX-X2XR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:15 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:15Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in the AVCC reassembly implementation in Utils.cpp in libstagefright in MediaMuxer in Android 4.x before 4.4.4, 5.0.x before 5.0.2, 5.1.x before 5.1.1, 6.x before 2016-09-01, and 7.0 before 2016-09-01 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted media file, aka internal bug 29161888.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-3863"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-11T21:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in the AVCC reassembly implementation in Utils.cpp in libstagefright in MediaMuxer in Android 4.x before 4.4.4, 5.0.x before 5.0.2, 5.1.x before 5.1.1, 6.x before 2016-09-01, and 7.0 before 2016-09-01 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted media file, aka internal bug 29161888.",
"id": "GHSA-6427-rmfx-x2xr",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:15:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:15:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3863"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/av/+/119a012b2a9a186655da4bef3ed4ed8dd9b94c26"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2016-09-01.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92817"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1036763"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-642H-MX8Q-47P2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-15 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-21 23:47The Asset Libraries module in Liferay Portal 7.3.5 through 7.4.3.28, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 8, and DXP 7.4 before update 29 does not properly check permissions of asset libraries, which allows remote authenticated users to view asset libraries via the UI.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 7.4.3.28"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.3.5"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.3.48"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-42126"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-280",
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-21T23:47:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-15T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Asset Libraries module in Liferay Portal 7.3.5 through 7.4.3.28, and Liferay DXP 7.3 before update 8, and DXP 7.4 before update 29 does not properly check permissions of asset libraries, which allows remote authenticated users to view asset libraries via the UI.",
"id": "GHSA-642h-mx8q-47p2",
"modified": "2022-11-21T23:47:59Z",
"published": "2022-11-15T12:00:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42126"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.liferay.com/browse/LPE-17593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.liferay.dev/learn/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/HbL5mxmVrnXW/content/cve-2022-42126"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://liferay.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing permissions check in Liferay Portal"
}
GHSA-6434-33F9-3QQJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:44A vulnerability was found in postgresql versions 11.x prior to 11.3. The Windows installer for EnterpriseDB-supplied PostgreSQL does not lock down the ACL of the binary installation directory or the ACL of the data directory; it keeps the inherited ACL. In the default configuration, this allows a local attacker to read arbitrary data directory files, essentially bypassing database-imposed read access limitations. In plausible non-default configurations, an attacker having both an unprivileged Windows account and an unprivileged PostgreSQL account can cause the PostgreSQL service account to execute arbitrary code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10128"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-19T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in postgresql versions 11.x prior to 11.3. The Windows installer for EnterpriseDB-supplied PostgreSQL does not lock down the ACL of the binary installation directory or the ACL of the data directory; it keeps the inherited ACL. In the default configuration, this allows a local attacker to read arbitrary data directory files, essentially bypassing database-imposed read access limitations. In plausible non-default configurations, an attacker having both an unprivileged Windows account and an unprivileged PostgreSQL account can cause the PostgreSQL service account to execute arbitrary code.",
"id": "GHSA-6434-33f9-3qqj",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:44:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:44:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1707102"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210430-0004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/1939"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-6436-JH27-6VCX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-05 21:32Inappropriate implementation in Page Info in Google Chrome on Android prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-11275"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-05T00:17:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Inappropriate implementation in Page Info in Google Chrome on Android prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
"id": "GHSA-6436-jh27-6vcx",
"modified": "2026-06-05T21:32:02Z",
"published": "2026-06-05T00:31:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11275"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/501763121"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6449-FJCW-2PG6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 18:30 – Updated: 2026-05-12 18:30Improper access control in Microsoft Office Word allows an authorized attacker to perform spoofing locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41101"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T18:17:21Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper access control in Microsoft Office Word allows an authorized attacker to perform spoofing locally.",
"id": "GHSA-6449-fjcw-2pg6",
"modified": "2026-05-12T18:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-05-12T18:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-41101"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-647H-P824-99W7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-25 17:23 – Updated: 2026-03-25 17:23Impact
The knowledge_search and knowledge_get_node MCP tools are included in SCOPED_TOOLS (visible to scoped agents) but their handlers do not receive authContext and do not enforce workspace scoping. A scoped agent in Workspace A can supply an arbitrary workspaceId parameter to search or retrieve knowledge graph nodes from Workspace B, bypassing workspace isolation boundaries.
This is a cross-workspace data leakage vulnerability affecting any deployment where multiple workspaces contain sensitive knowledge graph data and scoped agents are used.
Affected code:
- packages/mcp/src/tools/knowledge.ts:146-169 (knowledge_search handler)
- packages/mcp/src/tools/knowledge.ts:244-283 (knowledge_get_node handler)
- packages/mcp/src/tool-scoping.ts:11 (both tools listed in SCOPED_TOOLS)
Contrast with correct implementation: knowledge_create_node (same file, lines 334-357) properly receives authContext and overrides the user-supplied workspaceId for scoped callers.
Design Note
Cross-workspace knowledge sharing is a legitimate future feature — agents working across different repos may need to collaborate and share knowledge. However, this access should be opt-in with explicit grants, not an implicit bypass. The immediate fix locks scoped agents to their own workspace. A future design could introduce:
- Workspace-level "share knowledge with" settings
- A cross_workspace scope on scoped tokens
- Explicit workspaceIds (plural) in the auth context
Patches
Fix: Add authContext parameter to knowledge_search and knowledge_get_node handlers and enforce workspace scoping, matching the pattern in knowledge_create_node:
const resolvedWorkspaceId =
authContext?.type === "scoped"
? authContext.workspaceId ?? ""
: workspaceId ?? "";
When cross-workspace collaboration is designed, this check can be relaxed intentionally with proper access controls.
Workarounds
Do not use scoped agent tokens in multi-workspace deployments until patched. Alternatively, remove knowledge_search and knowledge_get_node from the SCOPED_TOOLS set in tool-scoping.ts.
References
- CWE-284: Improper Access Control
- File:
packages/mcp/src/tools/knowledge.ts - File:
packages/mcp/src/tool-scoping.ts
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.70.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@grackle-ai/mcp"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.70.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-25T17:23:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe `knowledge_search` and `knowledge_get_node` MCP tools are included in `SCOPED_TOOLS` (visible to scoped agents) but their handlers do not receive `authContext` and do not enforce workspace scoping. A scoped agent in Workspace A can supply an arbitrary `workspaceId` parameter to search or retrieve knowledge graph nodes from Workspace B, bypassing workspace isolation boundaries.\n\nThis is a **cross-workspace data leakage** vulnerability affecting any deployment where multiple workspaces contain sensitive knowledge graph data and scoped agents are used.\n\n**Affected code:**\n- `packages/mcp/src/tools/knowledge.ts:146-169` (knowledge_search handler)\n- `packages/mcp/src/tools/knowledge.ts:244-283` (knowledge_get_node handler)\n- `packages/mcp/src/tool-scoping.ts:11` (both tools listed in SCOPED_TOOLS)\n\n**Contrast with correct implementation:** `knowledge_create_node` (same file, lines 334-357) properly receives `authContext` and overrides the user-supplied `workspaceId` for scoped callers.\n\n### Design Note\n\nCross-workspace knowledge sharing is a legitimate future feature \u2014 agents working across different repos may need to collaborate and share knowledge. However, this access should be **opt-in with explicit grants**, not an implicit bypass. The immediate fix locks scoped agents to their own workspace. A future design could introduce:\n- Workspace-level \"share knowledge with\" settings\n- A `cross_workspace` scope on scoped tokens\n- Explicit `workspaceIds` (plural) in the auth context\n\n### Patches\n\n**Fix:** Add `authContext` parameter to `knowledge_search` and `knowledge_get_node` handlers and enforce workspace scoping, matching the pattern in `knowledge_create_node`:\n```typescript\nconst resolvedWorkspaceId =\n authContext?.type === \"scoped\"\n ? authContext.workspaceId ?? \"\"\n : workspaceId ?? \"\";\n```\n\nWhen cross-workspace collaboration is designed, this check can be relaxed intentionally with proper access controls.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDo not use scoped agent tokens in multi-workspace deployments until patched. Alternatively, remove `knowledge_search` and `knowledge_get_node` from the `SCOPED_TOOLS` set in `tool-scoping.ts`.\n\n### References\n\n- CWE-284: Improper Access Control\n- File: `packages/mcp/src/tools/knowledge.ts`\n- File: `packages/mcp/src/tool-scoping.ts`",
"id": "GHSA-647h-p824-99w7",
"modified": "2026-03-25T17:23:11Z",
"published": "2026-03-25T17:23:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nick-pape/grackle/security/advisories/GHSA-647h-p824-99w7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/nick-pape/grackle"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "@grackle-ai/mcp has a workspace authorization bypass in its knowledge_search MCP tool"
}
Mitigation MIT-1
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts
An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.
CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion
An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.
CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.
CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.
CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.
CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure
An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.
CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration
An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment
An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.
CAPEC-550: Install New Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.
CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers
When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.
CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable
An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.
CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File
An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.
CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot
An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.
CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon
Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.
CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.