CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11354 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3MVR-VP9H-CR29
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-29 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33A vulnerability was identified in Firefox where XPath parsing could trigger undefined behavior due to missing null checks during attribute access. This could lead to out-of-bounds read access and potentially, memory corruption. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 138, Firefox ESR < 128.10, Thunderbird < 138, and Thunderbird ESR < 128.10.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4087"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-29T14:15:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Firefox where XPath parsing could trigger undefined behavior due to missing null checks during attribute access. This could lead to out-of-bounds read access and potentially, memory corruption. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 138, Firefox ESR \u003c 128.10, Thunderbird \u003c 138, and Thunderbird ESR \u003c 128.10.",
"id": "GHSA-3mvr-vp9h-cr29",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:41Z",
"published": "2025-04-29T15:31:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1952465"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00024.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-28"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-29"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-32"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3MXG-74VR-RHX5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:40 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:40Out of bound read in BIOS firmware for 8th, 9th Generation Intel(R) Core(TM), Intel(R) Celeron(R) Processor 4000 Series Processors may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable elevation of privilege or denial of service via local access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-8672"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-02T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Out of bound read in BIOS firmware for 8th, 9th Generation Intel(R) Core(TM), Intel(R) Celeron(R) Processor 4000 Series Processors may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable elevation of privilege or denial of service via local access.",
"id": "GHSA-3mxg-74vr-rhx5",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:40:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:40:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-8672"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00356.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3MXV-X893-5542
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-18 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-20 21:31Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Open Networking Foundation (ONF) libfluid (libfluid_msg module). This vulnerability is associated with program routine fluid_msg::of10::FeaturesReply::unpack.
This issue affects libfluid: 0.1.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-31174"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-18T14:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Open Networking Foundation (ONF) libfluid (libfluid_msg module). This vulnerability is associated with program routine\u00a0fluid_msg::of10::FeaturesReply::unpack.\n\nThis issue affects libfluid: 0.1.0.",
"id": "GHSA-3mxv-x893-5542",
"modified": "2024-09-20T21:31:38Z",
"published": "2024-09-18T15:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-31174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability-advisories-cve-2024-31174"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P28-X9FV-FHF9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:30 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:30PDF-XChange Editor J2K File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of J2K files. Crafted data in a J2K file can trigger a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-18308.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-39483"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T03:15:14Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "PDF-XChange Editor J2K File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of J2K files. Crafted data in a J2K file can trigger a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-18308.",
"id": "GHSA-3p28-x9fv-fhf9",
"modified": "2024-05-03T03:30:56Z",
"published": "2024-05-03T03:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39483"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1122"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P36-28GQ-HV7J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-28 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:14In inviteInternal of p2p_iface.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-274443441
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21169"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-28T18:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In inviteInternal of p2p_iface.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-274443441",
"id": "GHSA-3p36-28gq-hv7j",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:14:58Z",
"published": "2023-06-28T18:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21169"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2023-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P3F-2JRX-F966
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2023-12-13 15:30Adobe Dimension versions 3.4.10 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47062"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-13T13:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Dimension versions 3.4.10 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to disclosure of sensitive memory. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass mitigations such as ASLR. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-3p3f-2jrx-f966",
"modified": "2023-12-13T15:30:57Z",
"published": "2023-12-13T15:30:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47062"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/dimension/apsb23-71.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P58-R886-3JR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-05 21:32 – Updated: 2024-10-28 00:30In tmu_get_pi of tmu.c, there is a possible out of bounds read due to improper input validation. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-29755"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-05T20:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In tmu_get_pi of tmu.c, there is a possible out of bounds read due to improper input validation. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-3p58-r886-3jr6",
"modified": "2024-10-28T00:30:47Z",
"published": "2024-04-05T21:32:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-29755"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2024-04-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P63-23M4-GMCP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-23 00:03 – Updated: 2024-02-29 03:30FreeType commit 53dfdcd8198d2b3201a23c4bad9190519ba918db was discovered to contain a segmentation violation via the function FNT_Size_Request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27405"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-22T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "FreeType commit 53dfdcd8198d2b3201a23c4bad9190519ba918db was discovered to contain a segmentation violation via the function FNT_Size_Request.",
"id": "GHSA-3p63-23m4-gmcp",
"modified": "2024-02-29T03:30:33Z",
"published": "2022-04-23T00:03:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27405"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/freetype/freetype/-/issues/1139"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/EFPNRKDLCXHZVYYQLQMP44UHLU32GA6Z"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FDU2FOEMCEF6WVR6ZBIH5MT5O7FAK6UP"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IWQ7IB2A75MEHM63WEUXBYEC7OR5SGDY"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NYVC2NPKKXKP3TWJWG4ONYWNO6ZPHLA5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/TCEMWCM46PKM4U5ENRASPKQD6JDOLKRU"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/EFPNRKDLCXHZVYYQLQMP44UHLU32GA6Z"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/FDU2FOEMCEF6WVR6ZBIH5MT5O7FAK6UP"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IWQ7IB2A75MEHM63WEUXBYEC7OR5SGDY"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NYVC2NPKKXKP3TWJWG4ONYWNO6ZPHLA5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/TCEMWCM46PKM4U5ENRASPKQD6JDOLKRU"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202402-06"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://freetype.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P64-362G-H8X8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-06 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-06 06:30Out-of-bounds read in appending text paragraph in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.26.71 allows attackers to read out-of-bounds memory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20922"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-06T05:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds read in appending text paragraph in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.26.71 allows attackers to read out-of-bounds memory.",
"id": "GHSA-3p64-362g-h8x8",
"modified": "2025-03-06T06:30:52Z",
"published": "2025-03-06T06:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20922"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb?year=2025\u0026month=03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3P98-FQ5J-WX55
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-24 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-28 09:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfilter: nf_log: validate MAC header was set before dumping it
The fallback path of dump_mac_header() guards the MAC header access only with "skb->mac_header != skb->network_header", without checking skb_mac_header_was_set(). When the MAC header is unset, mac_header is 0xffff, so the test passes and skb_mac_header(skb) returns skb->head + 0xffff, ~64 KiB past the buffer; the loop then reads dev->hard_header_len bytes out of bounds into the kernel log.
This is reachable via the netdev logger: nf_log_unknown_packet() calls dump_mac_header() unconditionally, and an skb sent through AF_PACKET with PACKET_QDISC_BYPASS reaches the egress hook with mac_header still unset (__dev_queue_xmit(), which would reset it, is bypassed).
Add the skb_mac_header_was_set() check the ARPHRD_ETHER path already uses, and replace the open-coded MAC header length test with skb_mac_header_len(). Only skbs with an unset MAC header are affected; valid ones are dumped as before.
BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in dump_mac_header (net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:831) Read of size 1 at addr ffff88800ea49d3f by task exploit/148 Call Trace: kasan_report (mm/kasan/report.c:595) dump_mac_header (net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:831) nf_log_netdev_packet (net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:938 net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:963) nf_log_packet (net/netfilter/nf_log.c:260) nft_log_eval (net/netfilter/nft_log.c:60) nft_do_chain (net/netfilter/nf_tables_core.c:285) nft_do_chain_netdev (net/netfilter/nft_chain_filter.c:307) nf_hook_slow (net/netfilter/core.c:619) nf_hook_direct_egress (net/packet/af_packet.c:257) packet_xmit (net/packet/af_packet.c:280) packet_sendmsg (net/packet/af_packet.c:3114) __sys_sendto (net/socket.c:2265)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-52942"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-24T08:16:24Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnetfilter: nf_log: validate MAC header was set before dumping it\n\nThe fallback path of dump_mac_header() guards the MAC header access\nonly with \"skb-\u003emac_header != skb-\u003enetwork_header\", without checking\nskb_mac_header_was_set(). When the MAC header is unset, mac_header is\n0xffff, so the test passes and skb_mac_header(skb) returns\nskb-\u003ehead + 0xffff, ~64 KiB past the buffer; the loop then reads\ndev-\u003ehard_header_len bytes out of bounds into the kernel log.\n\nThis is reachable via the netdev logger: nf_log_unknown_packet() calls\ndump_mac_header() unconditionally, and an skb sent through AF_PACKET\nwith PACKET_QDISC_BYPASS reaches the egress hook with mac_header still\nunset (__dev_queue_xmit(), which would reset it, is bypassed).\n\nAdd the skb_mac_header_was_set() check the ARPHRD_ETHER path already\nuses, and replace the open-coded MAC header length test with\nskb_mac_header_len(). Only skbs with an unset MAC header are affected;\nvalid ones are dumped as before.\n\n BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in dump_mac_header (net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:831)\n Read of size 1 at addr ffff88800ea49d3f by task exploit/148\n Call Trace:\n kasan_report (mm/kasan/report.c:595)\n dump_mac_header (net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:831)\n nf_log_netdev_packet (net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:938 net/netfilter/nf_log_syslog.c:963)\n nf_log_packet (net/netfilter/nf_log.c:260)\n nft_log_eval (net/netfilter/nft_log.c:60)\n nft_do_chain (net/netfilter/nf_tables_core.c:285)\n nft_do_chain_netdev (net/netfilter/nft_chain_filter.c:307)\n nf_hook_slow (net/netfilter/core.c:619)\n nf_hook_direct_egress (net/packet/af_packet.c:257)\n packet_xmit (net/packet/af_packet.c:280)\n packet_sendmsg (net/packet/af_packet.c:3114)\n __sys_sendto (net/socket.c:2265)",
"id": "GHSA-3p98-fq5j-wx55",
"modified": "2026-06-28T09:31:36Z",
"published": "2026-06-24T09:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-52942"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65ef7397eb9a296e91839f5fd10be96f23d332e7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8a81e336da685423f5b64aac4d571e63d674c52a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a84b6fedbc97078788be78dbdd7517d143ad1a77"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/af1b7699466f6556b351fa25d3dc870abfb5d310"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/befb8968a2abdfa948d5600ea7f7a509a292a590"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c38d41134085193efd5b237cf513ad5b3421a60d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d704ee9c7bc68a161684c51a7ac05b446dcf38d4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.