CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
705 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5FP8-C45M-256P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:20 – Updated: 2024-11-18 16:26Improper output neutralization for Logs. A specific Apache Superset HTTP endpoint allowed for an authenticated user to forge log entries or inject malicious content into logs.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.3.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "apache-superset"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-42250"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-21T20:08:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-17T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper output neutralization for Logs. A specific Apache Superset HTTP endpoint allowed for an authenticated user to forge log entries or inject malicious content into logs.",
"id": "GHSA-5fp8-c45m-256p",
"modified": "2024-11-18T16:26:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:20:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-42250"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5fp8-c45m-256p"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/superset"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/apache-superset/PYSEC-2021-435.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/53lkszw6d3tybp5t99nvgcj538b9trw9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/11/17/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in Apache Superset"
}
GHSA-5G34-X2RF-M7V6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-16 15:34SVG's <use> element could have been used to load unexpected content that could have executed script in certain circumstances. While the specification seems to allow this, other browsers do not, and web developers relied on this property for script security so gecko's implementation was aligned with theirs. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 99.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28284"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-22T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "SVG\u0027s \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;use\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element could have been used to load unexpected content that could have executed script in certain circumstances. While the specification seems to allow this, other browsers do not, and web developers relied on this property for script security so gecko\u0027s implementation was aligned with theirs. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 99.",
"id": "GHSA-5g34-x2rf-m7v6",
"modified": "2025-04-16T15:34:07Z",
"published": "2022-12-22T21:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28284"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1754522"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5M5X-9J46-H678
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-12 19:05Element Plus Link component (el-link) prior to 2.11.0 implements insufficient input validation for the href attribute, creating a security abstraction gap that obscures URL-based attack vectors. The component passes user-controlled href values directly to underlying anchor elements without protocol validation, URL sanitization, or security headers. This allows attackers to inject malicious URLs using dangerous protocols (javascript:, data:, file:) or redirect users to external malicious sites. While native HTML anchor elements present similar risks, UI component libraries bear additional responsibility for implementing security safeguards and providing clear risk documentation. The vulnerability enables XSS attacks, phishing campaigns, and open redirect exploits affecting applications that use Element Plus Link components with user-controlled or untrusted URL inputs. As of version 2.11.0, Element Plus have clearly documented the risks inherent with the component.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "element-plus"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.11.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-57665"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-20"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-10T20:41:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T18:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Element Plus Link component (el-link) prior to 2.11.0 implements insufficient input validation for the href attribute, creating a security abstraction gap that obscures URL-based attack vectors. The component passes user-controlled href values directly to underlying anchor elements without protocol validation, URL sanitization, or security headers. This allows attackers to inject malicious URLs using dangerous protocols (javascript:, data:, file:) or redirect users to external malicious sites. While native HTML anchor elements present similar risks, UI component libraries bear additional responsibility for implementing security safeguards and providing clear risk documentation. The vulnerability enables XSS attacks, phishing campaigns, and open redirect exploits affecting applications that use Element Plus Link components with user-controlled or untrusted URL inputs. As of version 2.11.0, Element Plus have clearly documented the risks inherent with the component.",
"id": "GHSA-5m5x-9j46-h678",
"modified": "2025-09-12T19:05:43Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T18:31:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-57665"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/element-plus/element-plus/pull/21711"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/element-plus/element-plus/commit/110d4e1d7e150ccb829771c7319d31ce777d102f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://element-plus.org/en-US/component/link.html"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/element-plus/element-plus"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/element-plus/element-plus/blob/dev/packages/components/link/src/link.vue"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/element-plus"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Element Plus Link component (el-link) implements insufficient input validation for the href attribute"
}
GHSA-5MVP-47XW-3292
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:53In Counter-Strike: Global Offensive before 8/29/2019, community game servers can display unsafe HTML in a disconnection message.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15944"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-05T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Counter-Strike: Global Offensive before 8/29/2019, community game servers can display unsafe HTML in a disconnection message.",
"id": "GHSA-5mvp-47xw-3292",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:53:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.counter-strike.net/index.php/2019/08/25353"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5R6P-P9R6-R326
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:51 – Updated: 2022-06-28 22:38Jenkins Configuration as Code Plugin 1.24 and earlier did not escape values resulting in variable interpolation during configuration import when exporting, allowing attackers with permission to change Jenkins system configuration to obtain the values of environment variables.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.24"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.jenkins:configuration-as-code"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.25"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10362"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-28T22:38:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-31T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Configuration as Code Plugin 1.24 and earlier did not escape values resulting in variable interpolation during configuration import when exporting, allowing attackers with permission to change Jenkins system configuration to obtain the values of environment variables.",
"id": "GHSA-5r6p-p9r6-r326",
"modified": "2022-06-28T22:38:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:51:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/configuration-as-code-plugin/commit/b48a292112c532ab1447b864c7d30c2cae733ac8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-07-31/#SECURITY-1446"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/07/31/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in Jenkins Configuration as Code Plugin"
}
GHSA-5RQC-86VF-G8R2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-28 22:49 – Updated: 2026-08-28 22:49Summary
The connector encodes and decodes all character data assuming the connection character set is UTF-8. A server can change character_set_client mid-session to a non-UTF-8 charset, after which the driver and server interpret the same bytes under different encodings, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch.
Details
The driver encodes and decodes all character data on the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. The server can, however, announce a change of character_set_client mid-session through the OK-packet session-state-tracking mechanism, for example via a SET NAMES … run by a stored routine or trigger, by server configuration, or by a hostile server.
If the new charset is not UTF-8, the driver continues to read and write UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under a different encoding. The result is silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch. Charset confusion of this kind is also the primitive that can defeat byte-wise quoting/escaping when client and server disagree on a multi-byte encoding.
Am I affected?
You are affected if you use mariadb Connector/R2DBC (org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb) below 1.4.1 and a connection can be steered, by a hostile or man-in-the-middle server, or by server-side state such as a stored routine, trigger, or configuration — to switch character_set_client to a non-UTF-8 value mid-session.
Impact
Silent data corruption and a client/server encoding mismatch once the connection's charset diverges from UTF-8. Because the mismatch undermines the assumption that quoting/escaping operates on UTF-8 bytes, it belongs to the charset-confusion class that can lead to SQL injection.
Patches
Fixed in 1.4.1. Once the connection is fully initialized, any subsequent charset change to a value that is not utf8 / utf8mb3 / utf8mb4 is rejected: the driver raises R2dbcNonTransientResourceException (SQLState 08000) and closes the connection rather than continuing to exchange data under a mismatched encoding. Upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.
Workarounds
There is no reliable application-level workaround; upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.
Credit
Reported by Yalguun Tumenkhuu (@fg0x0).
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55859"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-838"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-28T22:49:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe connector encodes and decodes all character data assuming the connection character set is UTF-8. A server can change character_set_client mid-session to a non-UTF-8 charset, after which the driver and server interpret the same bytes under different encodings, causing silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch.\n\n### Details\n\nThe driver encodes and decodes all character data on the assumption that the connection character set is UTF-8. The server can, however, announce a change of character_set_client mid-session through the OK-packet session-state-tracking mechanism, for example via a SET NAMES \u2026 run by a stored routine or trigger, by server configuration, or by a hostile server.\n\nIf the new charset is not UTF-8, the driver continues to read and write UTF-8 while the server interprets the same bytes under a different encoding. The result is silent data corruption and a client/server charset-confusion mismatch. Charset confusion of this kind is also the primitive that can defeat byte-wise quoting/escaping when client and server disagree on a multi-byte encoding.\n\n### Am I affected?\n\nYou are affected if you use mariadb Connector/R2DBC (org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb) below 1.4.1 and a connection can be steered, by a hostile or man-in-the-middle server, or by server-side state such as a stored routine, trigger, or configuration \u2014 to switch character_set_client to a non-UTF-8 value mid-session.\n\n### Impact\n\nSilent data corruption and a client/server encoding mismatch once the connection\u0027s charset diverges from UTF-8. Because the mismatch undermines the assumption that quoting/escaping operates on UTF-8 bytes, it belongs to the charset-confusion class that can lead to SQL injection.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in 1.4.1. Once the connection is fully initialized, any subsequent charset change to a value that is not utf8 / utf8mb3 / utf8mb4 is rejected: the driver raises R2dbcNonTransientResourceException (SQLState 08000) and closes the connection rather than continuing to exchange data under a mismatched encoding. Upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no reliable application-level workaround; upgrade to 1.4.1 or later.\n\n### Credit\n\nReported by Yalguun Tumenkhuu ([@fg0x0](https://github.com/fg0x0/)).",
"id": "GHSA-5rqc-86vf-g8r2",
"modified": "2026-08-28T22:49:03Z",
"published": "2026-08-28T22:49:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc/security/advisories/GHSA-5rqc-86vf-g8r2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc/commit/38bad9afebc6c581a853656a42f9ebf403b1b1b7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-r2dbc/releases/tag/1.4.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/R2DBC-124"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "org.mariadb:r2dbc-mariadb has Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context and Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output"
}
GHSA-5V8V-CP6R-MQ7C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-25 00:00 – Updated: 2025-06-01 12:30In Kitty before 0.26.2, insufficient validation in the desktop notification escape sequence can lead to arbitrary code execution. The user must display attacker-controlled content in the terminal, then click on a notification popup.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41322"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-23T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Kitty before 0.26.2, insufficient validation in the desktop notification escape sequence can lead to arbitrary code execution. The user must display attacker-controlled content in the terminal, then click on a notification popup.",
"id": "GHSA-5v8v-cp6r-mq7c",
"modified": "2025-06-01T12:30:24Z",
"published": "2022-09-25T00:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41322"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/commit/f05783e64d5fa62e1aed603e8d69aced5e49824f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/868543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/compare/v0.26.1...v0.26.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/06/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/47RK7MBSVY5BWDUTYMJUFPBAYFSWMTOI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6RRNAPU33PHEH64P77YL3AJO6CTZGHTX"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/47RK7MBSVY5BWDUTYMJUFPBAYFSWMTOI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6RRNAPU33PHEH64P77YL3AJO6CTZGHTX"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202209-22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/changelog/#detailed-list-of-changes"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5W87-92QG-PW53
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-06 00:31A vulnerability in the AWV (Audio, Web and Video Conferencing) component of Mitel MiCollab through 9.8 SP1 FP2 (9.8.1.201) could allow an unauthenticated attacker to conduct a CRLF injection attack due to inadequate encoding of user input in URLs. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to perform a phishing attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-21T21:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the AWV (Audio, Web and Video Conferencing) component of Mitel MiCollab through 9.8 SP1 FP2 (9.8.1.201) could allow an unauthenticated attacker to conduct a CRLF injection attack due to inadequate encoding of user input in URLs. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to perform a phishing attack.",
"id": "GHSA-5w87-92qg-pw53",
"modified": "2024-11-06T00:31:54Z",
"published": "2024-10-21T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories/mitel-product-security-advisory-misa-2024-0025"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5WWF-XV6V-8PF8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-25 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:21RTX TRAP v1.0 was discovered to be vulnerable to host header poisoning.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31458"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-25T20:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "RTX TRAP v1.0 was discovered to be vulnerable to host header poisoning.",
"id": "GHSA-5wwf-xv6v-8pf8",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:21:22Z",
"published": "2023-07-25T21:31:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/%40rohitgautam26/cve-2022-31458-49b7818e8ac9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/@rohitgautam26/cve-2022-31458-49b7818e8ac9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/host-header-attack"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5XC6-PMR2-QJ78
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-21 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:30The OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set (CRS) is affected by a partial rule set bypass for HTTP multipart requests by submitting a payload that uses a character encoding scheme via the Content-Type or the deprecated Content-Transfer-Encoding multipart MIME header fields that will not be decoded and inspected by the web application firewall engine and the rule set. The multipart payload will therefore bypass detection. A vulnerable backend that supports these encoding schemes can potentially be exploited. The legacy CRS versions 3.0.x and 3.1.x are affected, as well as the currently supported versions 3.2.1 and 3.3.2. Integrators and users are advised upgrade to 3.2.2 and 3.3.3 respectively. The mitigation against these vulnerabilities depends on the installation of the latest ModSecurity version (v2.9.6 / v3.0.8).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39956"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-20T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set (CRS) is affected by a partial rule set bypass for HTTP multipart requests by submitting a payload that uses a character encoding scheme via the Content-Type or the deprecated Content-Transfer-Encoding multipart MIME header fields that will not be decoded and inspected by the web application firewall engine and the rule set. The multipart payload will therefore bypass detection. A vulnerable backend that supports these encoding schemes can potentially be exploited. The legacy CRS versions 3.0.x and 3.1.x are affected, as well as the currently supported versions 3.2.1 and 3.3.2. Integrators and users are advised upgrade to 3.2.2 and 3.3.3 respectively. The mitigation against these vulnerabilities depends on the installation of the latest ModSecurity version (v2.9.6 / v3.0.8).",
"id": "GHSA-5xc6-pmr2-qj78",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:30:43Z",
"published": "2022-09-21T00:00:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39956"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://coreruleset.org/20220919/crs-version-3-3-3-and-3-2-2-covering-several-cves"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/01/msg00033.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00004.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HL2L2GF7GOCWPMJZDUE5OXDSXHGG3XUJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PD56EAYNGB6E6QQH62LAYCONOP6OH5DZ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YPQ6CCMX3MU4A7MTCGQJA7VMJW3IQDXV"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HL2L2GF7GOCWPMJZDUE5OXDSXHGG3XUJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PD56EAYNGB6E6QQH62LAYCONOP6OH5DZ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YPQ6CCMX3MU4A7MTCGQJA7VMJW3IQDXV"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-25"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.