CWE-1021
AllowedImproper Restriction of Rendered UI Layers or Frames
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The web application does not restrict or incorrectly restricts frame objects or UI layers that belong to another application or domain.
451 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-W756-RF26-7RMR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-01 15:30 – Updated: 2025-12-02 16:52Reverse Tabnabbing vulnerability in FeehiCMS 2.1.1 in the Comments Management function
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "feehi/feehicms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-63522"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-02T16:52:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-01T15:15:50Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Reverse Tabnabbing vulnerability in FeehiCMS 2.1.1 in the Comments Management function",
"id": "GHSA-w756-rf26-7rmr",
"modified": "2025-12-02T16:52:50Z",
"published": "2025-12-01T15:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-63522"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liufee/cms/issues/76"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwi865/CVEs/blob/main/CVE-2025-63522.md"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liufee/cms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "FeehiCMS is vulnerable to reverse tabnabbing"
}
GHSA-W7W5-5GCP-38RW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-08 23:08 – Updated: 2026-06-08 23:08None of the response paths in internal/web/ or internal/api/ set the standard browser-security headers. grep for Content-Security-Policy, X-Frame-Options, Strict-Transport-Security, X-Content-Type-Options, Referrer-Policy returns zero matches across the codebase.
Impact
The admin UI signs CA certificates, mints API keys (returned inline once per page), displays TOTP QR codes, and exposes operator-management forms. Missing X-Frame-Options: DENY / frame-ancestors 'none' is a real clickjacking lever against an admin browsing /ui/operators/* or /ui/cas/*. Missing X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff allows MIME confusion on any user-supplied content surface. Missing HSTS on TLS deployments leaves a downgrade window.
Affected
All released versions up to v0.3.0.
Suggested fix
A single response-header middleware mounted at the chi router root in both /ui/* and /api/* paths:
func securityHeadersMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
h := rw.Header()
h.Set("Content-Security-Policy",
"default-src 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'; base-uri 'none'; form-action 'self'")
h.Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
h.Set("Referrer-Policy", "same-origin")
h.Set("X-Frame-Options", "DENY") // belt-and-braces; CSP frame-ancestors is the modern path
if r.TLS != nil {
h.Set("Strict-Transport-Security", "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains")
}
next.ServeHTTP(rw, r)
})
}
The inline <script> in layout.html for CSRF wiring (added in the CSRF advisory) will need either a nonce, a hash in CSP, or external-file extraction. Easiest path: a nonce per request (crypto/rand, base64) injected into both the CSP header and the script's nonce="" attribute.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.3.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/juev/nebula-mesh"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47723"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-08T23:08:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "None of the response paths in `internal/web/` or `internal/api/` set the standard browser-security headers. `grep` for `Content-Security-Policy`, `X-Frame-Options`, `Strict-Transport-Security`, `X-Content-Type-Options`, `Referrer-Policy` returns zero matches across the codebase.\n\n## Impact\nThe admin UI signs CA certificates, mints API keys (returned inline once per page), displays TOTP QR codes, and exposes operator-management forms. Missing `X-Frame-Options: DENY` / `frame-ancestors \u0027none\u0027` is a real clickjacking lever against an admin browsing `/ui/operators/*` or `/ui/cas/*`. Missing `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff` allows MIME confusion on any user-supplied content surface. Missing HSTS on TLS deployments leaves a downgrade window.\n\n## Affected\nAll released versions up to v0.3.0.\n\n## Suggested fix\nA single response-header middleware mounted at the chi router root in both `/ui/*` and `/api/*` paths:\n\n```go\nfunc securityHeadersMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {\n return http.HandlerFunc(func(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n h := rw.Header()\n h.Set(\"Content-Security-Policy\",\n \"default-src \u0027self\u0027; frame-ancestors \u0027none\u0027; base-uri \u0027none\u0027; form-action \u0027self\u0027\")\n h.Set(\"X-Content-Type-Options\", \"nosniff\")\n h.Set(\"Referrer-Policy\", \"same-origin\")\n h.Set(\"X-Frame-Options\", \"DENY\") // belt-and-braces; CSP frame-ancestors is the modern path\n if r.TLS != nil {\n h.Set(\"Strict-Transport-Security\", \"max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains\")\n }\n next.ServeHTTP(rw, r)\n })\n}\n```\n\nThe inline `\u003cscript\u003e` in `layout.html` for CSRF wiring (added in the CSRF advisory) will need either a nonce, a hash in CSP, or external-file extraction. Easiest path: a nonce per request (`crypto/rand`, base64) injected into both the CSP header and the script\u0027s `nonce=\"\"` attribute.",
"id": "GHSA-w7w5-5gcp-38rw",
"modified": "2026-06-08T23:08:54Z",
"published": "2026-06-08T23:08:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/juev/nebula-mesh/security/advisories/GHSA-w7w5-5gcp-38rw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/forgekeep/nebula-mesh/commit/b45fda5476c41ffcff1ca23058aef0fb851359c1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/forgekeep/nebula-mesh/releases/tag/v0.3.1"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/juev/nebula-mesh"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "nebula-mesh: Web UI and API responses lack security headers (CSP, X-Frame-Options, HSTS, etc.)"
}
GHSA-W8W2-R9W7-HQWR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:38 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:38Insufficient data validation in UI in Google Chrome prior to 87.0.4280.66 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-16031"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-08T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insufficient data validation in UI in Google Chrome prior to 87.0.4280.66 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-w8w2-r9w7-hqwr",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:38:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:38:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-16031"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2020/11/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_17.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/1133183"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W9GH-CPPP-XRGM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:20 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:20A missing X-Frame-Options header in the Green Electronics RainMachine Mini-8 (2nd Generation) and Touch HD 12 web application could be used by a remote attacker for clickjacking, as demonstrated by triggering an API page request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-6909"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-01T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A missing X-Frame-Options header in the Green Electronics RainMachine Mini-8 (2nd Generation) and Touch HD 12 web application could be used by a remote attacker for clickjacking, as demonstrated by triggering an API page request.",
"id": "GHSA-w9gh-cppp-xrgm",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:20:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:20:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-6909"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.irongeek.com/i.php?page=videos/bsidesrdu2018/bsidesrdu-2018-07-when-it-rains-it-pours-sam-granger"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WF5Q-537C-CMRJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-02 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-02 15:32In multiple functions of WindowState.java, there is a possible way to trick a user into accepting a permission due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-0061"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-01T22:16:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In multiple functions of WindowState.java, there is a possible way to trick a user into accepting a permission due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-wf5q-537c-cmrj",
"modified": "2026-06-02T15:32:02Z",
"published": "2026-06-02T00:31:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0061"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WGC8-974C-V6QG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-05 06:31 – Updated: 2025-03-05 15:30Inappropriate implementation in Permission Prompts in Google Chrome prior to 134.0.6998.35 allowed an attacker who convinced a user to install a malicious extension to perform UI spoofing via a crafted Chrome Extension. (Chromium security severity: Low)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1923"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-05T04:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Inappropriate implementation in Permission Prompts in Google Chrome prior to 134.0.6998.35 allowed an attacker who convinced a user to install a malicious extension to perform UI spoofing via a crafted Chrome Extension. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
"id": "GHSA-wgc8-974c-v6qg",
"modified": "2025-03-05T15:30:56Z",
"published": "2025-03-05T06:31:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1923"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2025/03/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/382540635"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WH67-CC45-G7CF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-16 00:30 – Updated: 2024-10-16 21:31Opening an external link to an HTTP website when Firefox iOS was previously closed and had an HTTPS tab open could in some cases result in the padlock icon showing an HTTPS indicator incorrectly This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS < 131.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10004"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-15T22:15:03Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Opening an external link to an HTTP website when Firefox iOS was previously closed and had an HTTPS tab open could in some cases result in the padlock icon showing an HTTPS indicator incorrectly This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS \u003c 131.2.",
"id": "GHSA-wh67-cc45-g7cf",
"modified": "2024-10-16T21:31:09Z",
"published": "2024-10-16T00:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1904885"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-54"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WJCF-3X7W-5RWC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-26 21:30 – Updated: 2023-02-02 18:31In onCreate of PhoneAccountSettingsActivity.java and related files, there is a possible way to mislead the user into enabling a malicious phone account due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10 Android-11 Android-12 Android-12L Android-13Android ID: A-246933785
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20913"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-26T21:18:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In onCreate of PhoneAccountSettingsActivity.java and related files, there is a possible way to mislead the user into enabling a malicious phone account due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10 Android-11 Android-12 Android-12L Android-13Android ID: A-246933785",
"id": "GHSA-wjcf-3x7w-5rwc",
"modified": "2023-02-02T18:31:08Z",
"published": "2023-01-26T21:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20913"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2023-01-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WJMF-WX39-CV67
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-21 21:30 – Updated: 2022-12-21 21:30In onCreate of LogAccessDialogActivity.java, there is a possible way to bypass a permission check due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-244155265
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20553"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-16T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In onCreate of LogAccessDialogActivity.java, there is a possible way to bypass a permission check due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-244155265",
"id": "GHSA-wjmf-wx39-cv67",
"modified": "2022-12-21T21:30:15Z",
"published": "2022-12-21T21:30:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20553"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2022-12-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WJX3-G7P8-7M5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:31In multiple locations, there is a possible privilege escalation due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32349"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1021"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In multiple locations, there is a possible privilege escalation due to a tapjacking/overlay attack. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-wjx3-g7p8-7m5q",
"modified": "2025-09-05T18:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32349"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/394acf2aa1dade06c9cb2b98d92d6e585de31012"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/e4a93e6ffdaf0e51c2effd26a222a4e0b66ea5cb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- The use of X-Frame-Options allows developers of web content to restrict the usage of their application within the form of overlays, frames, or iFrames. The developer can indicate from which domains can frame the content.
- The concept of X-Frame-Options is well documented, but implementation of this protection mechanism is in development to cover gaps. There is a need for allowing frames from multiple domains.
Mitigation
- A developer can use a "frame-breaker" script in each page that should not be framed. This is very helpful for legacy browsers that do not support X-Frame-Options security feature previously mentioned.
- It is also important to note that this tactic has been circumvented or bypassed. Improper usage of frames can persist in the web application through nested frames. The "frame-breaking" script does not intuitively account for multiple nested frames that can be presented to the user.
Mitigation
This defense-in-depth technique can be used to prevent the improper usage of frames in web applications. It prioritizes the valid sources of data to be loaded into the application through the usage of declarative policies. Based on which implementation of Content Security Policy is in use, the developer should use the "frame-ancestors" directive or the "frame-src" directive to mitigate this weakness. Both directives allow for the placement of restrictions when it comes to allowing embedded content.
Mitigation
In addition to frames or iframes as previously mentioned, the web application is expected to place restrictions on whether it is allowed to be rendered within objects, embed, or applet elements.
CAPEC-103: Clickjacking
An adversary tricks a victim into unknowingly initiating some action in one system while interacting with the UI from a seemingly completely different, usually an adversary controlled or intended, system.
CAPEC-181: Flash File Overlay
An attacker creates a transparent overlay using flash in order to intercept user actions for the purpose of performing a clickjacking attack. In this technique, the Flash file provides a transparent overlay over HTML content. Because the Flash application is on top of the content, user actions, such as clicks, are caught by the Flash application rather than the underlying HTML. The action is then interpreted by the overlay to perform the actions the attacker wishes.
CAPEC-222: iFrame Overlay
In an iFrame overlay attack the victim is tricked into unknowingly initiating some action in one system while interacting with the UI from seemingly completely different system.
CAPEC-504: Task Impersonation
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, impersonates an expected or routine task in an attempt to steal sensitive information or leverage a user's privileges.
CAPEC-506: Tapjacking
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, displays an interface that misleads the user and convinces them to tap on an attacker desired location on the screen. This is often accomplished by overlaying one screen on top of another while giving the appearance of a single interface. There are two main techniques used to accomplish this. The first is to leverage transparent properties that allow taps on the screen to pass through the visible application to an application running in the background. The second is to strategically place a small object (e.g., a button or text field) on top of the visible screen and make it appear to be a part of the underlying application. In both cases, the user is convinced to tap on the screen but does not realize the application that they are interacting with.
CAPEC-587: Cross Frame Scripting (XFS)
This attack pattern combines malicious Javascript and a legitimate webpage loaded into a concealed iframe. The malicious Javascript is then able to interact with a legitimate webpage in a manner that is unknown to the user. This attack usually leverages some element of social engineering in that an attacker must convinces a user to visit a web page that the attacker controls.
CAPEC-654: Credential Prompt Impersonation
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, impersonates a credential prompt in an attempt to steal a user's credentials.