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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ninitramfs: avoid filename buffer overrun\n\nThe initramfs filename field is defined in\nDocumentation/driver-api/early-userspace/buffer-format.rst as:\n\n 37 cpio_file := ALGN(4) + cpio_header + filename + \"\\0\" + ALGN(4) + data\n...\n 55 ============= ================== =========================\n 56 Field name    Field size         Meaning\n 57 ============= ================== =========================\n...\n 70 c_namesize    8 bytes            Length of filename, including final \\0\n\nWhen extracting an initramfs cpio archive, the kernel\u0027s do_name() path\nhandler assumes a zero-terminated path at @collected, passing it\ndirectly to filp_open() / init_mkdir() / init_mknod().\n\nIf a specially crafted cpio entry carries a non-zero-terminated filename\nand is followed by uninitialized memory, then a file may be created with\ntrailing characters that represent the uninitialized memory. The ability\nto create an initramfs entry would imply already having full control of\nthe system, so the buffer overrun shouldn\u0027t be considered a security\nvulnerability.\n\nAppend the output of the following bash script to an existing initramfs\nand observe any created /initramfs_test_fname_overrunAA* path. E.g.\n  ./reproducer.sh | gzip \u003e\u003e /myinitramfs\n\nIt\u0027s easiest to observe non-zero uninitialized memory when the output is\ngzipped, as it\u0027ll overflow the heap allocated @out_buf in __gunzip(),\nrather than the initrd_start+initrd_size block.\n\n---- reproducer.sh ----\nnilchar=\"A\"\t# change to \"\\0\" to properly zero terminate / pad\nmagic=\"070701\"\nino=1\nmode=$(( 0100777 ))\nuid=0\ngid=0\nnlink=1\nmtime=1\nfilesize=0\ndevmajor=0\ndevminor=1\nrdevmajor=0\nrdevminor=0\ncsum=0\nfname=\"initramfs_test_fname_overrun\"\nnamelen=$(( ${#fname} + 1 ))\t# plus one to account for terminator\n\nprintf \"%s%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%s\" \\\n\t$magic $ino $mode $uid $gid $nlink $mtime $filesize \\\n\t$devmajor $devminor $rdevmajor $rdevminor $namelen $csum $fname\n\ntermpadlen=$(( 1 + ((4 - ((110 + $namelen) \u0026 3)) % 4) ))\nprintf \"%.s${nilchar}\" $(seq 1 $termpadlen)\n---- reproducer.sh ----\n\nSymlink filename fields handled in do_symlink() won\u0027t overrun past the\ndata segment, due to the explicit zero-termination of the symlink\ntarget.\n\nFix filename buffer overrun by aborting the initramfs FSM if any cpio\nentry doesn\u0027t carry a zero-terminator at the expected (name_len - 1)\noffset."
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              "value": "AV:A - The vulnerable code path is driven entirely by BR/EDR HCI events generated from an attacker-controlled Bluetooth peer (Connection Request, IO Capability Response, User Confirmation Request), requiring only radio proximity to the target. Per kernel scoring guidance Bluetooth reachability is Adjacent.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls both parameters that select the vulnerable branch \u2014 its own IO capability (NoInputNoOutput) and authentication requirements (bonding without MITM) \u2014 making the silent auto-accept deterministic with no race, no memory-layout dependency, and no non-default kernel or BlueZ configuration.\nPR:N - The attacker is an entirely unknown, unpaired, unauthenticated remote device with no prior link key; the bug is reached during the initial pairing handshake before any trust relationship exists.\nUI:N - The defect is precisely that the kernel never invokes mgmt_user_confirm_request, so bluetoothd and the user are never consulted and the bond completes silently with no prompt, notification, or action from the victim.\nS:U - The vulnerable component and the compromised resources are the same host under a single security authority; no hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The unauthorized persistent bond makes the attacker a trusted device, enabling connections to profiles that expose highly sensitive data (PBAP phonebook and call logs, MAP SMS, OBEX FTP, audio) on phones and automotive head units, and HID keystroke injection escalates this to arbitrary user-level file read.\nI:H - The attacker writes an unauthorized link key into the host\u0027s persistent bonding database and can then act as a trusted HID keyboard/mouse to inject keystrokes and execute arbitrary commands as the logged-in user, push files via OPP, or drive the device over AVRCP/HFP.\nA:H - As a bonded peer the attacker can hijack and force-disconnect the legitimate input or audio device \u2014 the same \"speaker hijack or mouse/keyboard hijack\" outcome documented for the related bluedump attack \u2014 and HID command injection permits shutting down or otherwise disabling the system."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nsmb: client: fix use-after-free of signing key\n\nCustomers have reported use-after-free in @ses-\u003eauth_key.response with\nSMB2.1 + sign mounts which occurs due to following race:\n\ntask A                         task B\ncifs_mount()\n dfs_mount_share()\n  get_session()\n   cifs_mount_get_session()    cifs_send_recv()\n    cifs_get_smb_ses()          compound_send_recv()\n     cifs_setup_session()        smb2_setup_request()\n      kfree_sensitive()           smb2_calc_signature()\n                                   crypto_shash_setkey() *UAF*\n\nFix this by ensuring that we have a valid @ses-\u003eauth_key.response by\nchecking whether @ses-\u003eses_status is SES_GOOD or SES_EXITING with\n@ses-\u003eses_lock held.  After commit 24a9799aa8ef (\"smb: client: fix UAF\nin smb2_reconnect_server()\"), we made sure to call -\u003elogoff() only\nwhen @ses was known to be good (e.g. valid -\u003eauth_key.response), so\nit\u0027s safe to access signing key when @ses-\u003eses_status == SES_EXITING."
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              "value": "AV:N - The vulnerable `smb2_calc_signature()` runs in the cifs demultiplex thread on every inbound signed SMB2/2.1 response (`smb2_check_receive` \u2192 `smb2_verify_signature`), while the freeing side (`cifs_setup_session()`) is entered on reconnect or DFS re-referral \u2014 both driven by the remote SMB server dropping the TCP connection or serving referrals. A malicious, compromised, or spoofed server (or an on-path attacker injecting RSTs) controls both halves of the race purely over the network.\nAC:L - The attacker owns both sides of the race and the window is server-timed: after the free, `auth_key.response` stays NULL across the entire multi-round-trip NTLMSSP handshake, whose latency the server dictates, while `SMB2_IOCTL`/`SMB2_TREE_CONNECT` deliberately bypass the reconnect serialization in `smb2_reconnect()` and go straight to signing. Triggering is repeatable and reliable, not dependent on any condition outside attacker control.\nPR:N - No credentials on the client are needed \u2014 the demultiplex/signing path performs no capability or permission check, and the remote peer needs no authentication to tear down the TCP connection or drive session re-setup on an existing mount. The attacker is the network peer, not a local user.\nUI:N - Against an already-established SMB2.1 signed mount the attacker forces reconnects and session re-setup at will; no administrator or user action is required at exploitation time. Concurrent requests are supplied by ordinary background client activity (echo, DFS referral, oplock traffic).\nS:U - The use-after-free corrupts kernel heap memory within the same kernel security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The freed heap object is read and consumed as the HMAC-SHA256 signing key, and the resulting signature is transmitted back to the attacker, forming an oracle over reallocated kernel heap contents. The attacker additionally controls the object\u0027s kmalloc size class via the server-supplied NTLMSSP `TargetInfoArray.Length`, making the UAF read a groomable arbitrary-disclosure primitive.\nI:H - Because the attacker selects the slab and can refill the freed 16 bytes, the client can be made to sign SMB traffic with a key the attacker knows, destroying the integrity guarantee of SMB signing and enabling forged/modified filesystem traffic. As a use-after-free it also carries the standard heap-corruption path to control-flow hijack.\nA:H - Once `auth_key.response` is NULLed, `crypto_shash_setkey(tfm, NULL, 16)` dereferences NULL and oopses the kernel; on the send path this occurs while `server-\u003esrv_mutex` is held, permanently wedging all further I/O on that mount. Customers reported this as a production crash."
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      "title": "smb: client: fix use-after-free of signing key",
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    "dateReserved": "2024-11-19T17:17:25.008Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:44:26.259Z",
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nvfio/pci: Properly hide first-in-list PCIe extended capability\n\nThere are cases where a PCIe extended capability should be hidden from\nthe user. For example, an unknown capability (i.e., capability with ID\ngreater than PCI_EXT_CAP_ID_MAX) or a capability that is intentionally\nchosen to be hidden from the user.\n\nHiding a capability is done by virtualizing and modifying the \u0027Next\nCapability Offset\u0027 field of the previous capability so it points to the\ncapability after the one that should be hidden.\n\nThe special case where the first capability in the list should be hidden\nis handled differently because there is no previous capability that can\nbe modified. In this case, the capability ID and version are zeroed\nwhile leaving the next pointer intact. This hides the capability and\nleaves an anchor for the rest of the capability list.\n\nHowever, today, hiding the first capability in the list is not done\nproperly if the capability is unknown, as struct\nvfio_pci_core_device-\u003epci_config_map is set to the capability ID during\ninitialization but the capability ID is not properly checked later when\nused in vfio_config_do_rw(). This leads to the following warning [1] and\nto an out-of-bounds access to ecap_perms array.\n\nFix it by checking cap_id in vfio_config_do_rw(), and if it is greater\nthan PCI_EXT_CAP_ID_MAX, use an alternative struct perm_bits for direct\nread only access instead of the ecap_perms array.\n\nNote that this is safe since the above is the only case where cap_id can\nexceed PCI_EXT_CAP_ID_MAX (except for the special capabilities, which\nare already checked before).\n\n[1]\n\nWARNING: CPU: 118 PID: 5329 at drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_config.c:1900 vfio_pci_config_rw+0x395/0x430 [vfio_pci_core]\nCPU: 118 UID: 0 PID: 5329 Comm: simx-qemu-syste Not tainted 6.12.0+ #1\n(snip)\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n ? show_regs+0x69/0x80\n ? __warn+0x8d/0x140\n ? vfio_pci_config_rw+0x395/0x430 [vfio_pci_core]\n ? report_bug+0x18f/0x1a0\n ? handle_bug+0x63/0xa0\n ? exc_invalid_op+0x19/0x70\n ? asm_exc_invalid_op+0x1b/0x20\n ? vfio_pci_config_rw+0x395/0x430 [vfio_pci_core]\n ? vfio_pci_config_rw+0x244/0x430 [vfio_pci_core]\n vfio_pci_rw+0x101/0x1b0 [vfio_pci_core]\n vfio_pci_core_read+0x1d/0x30 [vfio_pci_core]\n vfio_device_fops_read+0x27/0x40 [vfio]\n vfs_read+0xbd/0x340\n ? vfio_device_fops_unl_ioctl+0xbb/0x740 [vfio]\n ? __rseq_handle_notify_resume+0xa4/0x4b0\n __x64_sys_pread64+0x96/0xc0\n x64_sys_call+0x1c3d/0x20d0\n do_syscall_64+0x4d/0x120\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e"
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached only through pread()/pwrite() (or ioctl-driven config access) on a local /dev/vfio device file held by the process that owns the assigned PCI device. There is no network-facing path into vfio_config_do_rw().\nAC:L - Once a device whose first extended capability is unknown to the kernel\u0027s table is assigned, a single unprivileged pread() at offset 0x100 deterministically indexes ecap_perms[] out of bounds \u2014 no race, no memory-layout grooming, and no timing window to win. The precondition is a property of the vulnerable configuration, not an attack-time hurdle.\nPR:L - The IOMMU-backed VFIO path has no capable() gate (only VFIO_NO_IOMMU requires CAP_SYS_RAWIO); access is granted by file permissions on /dev/vfio/*, which is routinely given to unprivileged users such as the qemu user or DPDK/SPDK applications. That unprivileged process can trigger the OOB directly.\nUI:N - The attacker triggers the bug entirely on its own with a read or write on a file descriptor it already holds; no victim action is required. QEMU even hits it unprompted during its normal config-space scan at device realize.\nS:U - The out-of-bounds access, the corrupted state, and the resulting compromise all occur within the host kernel, which is the same security authority the local attacker escalates within. This is standard local kernel memory corruption, not an IOMMU or hypervisor boundary bypass.\nC:H - The OOB read pulls a struct perm_bits from up to ~6.6 KB past the array, and its virt/write members are dereferenced as pointers in vfio_default_config_read(), memcpy-ing from an arbitrary kernel address and using the result to mask data returned to userspace \u2014 an arbitrary kernel-memory disclosure oracle on top of the leaked module .data contents.\nI:H - perm-\u003ereadfn and perm-\u003ewritefn are invoked as indirect calls through function pointers loaded from out-of-bounds memory, with perm-\u003ewritefn additionally receiving attacker-controlled val and pos \u2014 a control-flow hijack primitive leading to arbitrary kernel code execution.\nA:H - At minimum the path takes a WARN_ON (panic under panic_on_warn) and then calls a garbage function pointer and dereferences wild pointers, producing an oops, CFI violation panic, or page fault. The crash is fully repeatable on demand."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nALSA: 6fire: Release resources at card release\n\nThe current 6fire code tries to release the resources right after the\ncall of usb6fire_chip_abort().  But at this moment, the card object\nmight be still in use (as we\u0027re calling snd_card_free_when_closed()).\n\nFor avoid potential UAFs, move the release of resources to the card\u0027s\nprivate_free instead of the manual call of usb6fire_chip_destroy() at\nthe USB disconnect callback."
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              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation is driven entirely through local syscalls on ALSA character devices (`/dev/snd/pcmC*D*`, `/dev/snd/midiC*D*`) \u2014 the attacker holds an fd open across the card teardown, sprays the kernel heap to reclaim the freed `pcm_runtime`/`midi_runtime`, and then triggers the dereference with `close()`. This matches the AV:L scoring used for the sibling ALSA-USB disconnect CVEs in the same patch series (CVE-2024-56531).\nAC:L - There is no race to win: the free happens at teardown and the use happens at a moment the attacker chooses (`close()`), so the reclaim window is unbounded and the attacker can spray the corresponding kmalloc caches at leisure. The object sizes are stable and deterministic, making reliable reclaim straightforward.\nPR:L - The attacker only needs an ordinary unprivileged local account with access to the sound devices \u2014 granted by default to the active seat via systemd-logind uaccess ACLs or `audio` group membership. No capability, root, or namespace privilege is required.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step themselves \u2014 opening the PCM/MIDI device, causing the card teardown, spraying the heap, and closing the fd. No action by a separate victim user is needed for the use-after-free to fire.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel heap memory managed by the same kernel security authority; there is no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - The freed `pcm_runtime`/`midi_runtime`/`comm_runtime`/`control_runtime` objects are reclaimable by attacker-controlled or victim-owned allocations, and the driver then reads chained pointers (`rt-\u003echip-\u003econtrol`, `rt-\u003echip-\u003edev`, `sub-\u003einstance-\u003eruntime`) out of them, giving an attacker-steerable read primitive into arbitrary kernel memory.\nI:H - `usb6fire_pcm_close()` writes into the freed object (`sub-\u003einstance`, `sub-\u003eactive`, `rt-\u003estream_state`, `rt-\u003erate`) and `usb6fire_pcm_stream_stop()` performs an indirect call via `ctrl_rt-\u003eupdate_streaming()` \u2014 a function pointer read from reclaimed memory; the rawmidi path additionally calls `usb_submit_urb()` on a freed embedded `struct urb`, yielding a controlled `urb-\u003ecomplete` callback and full control-flow hijack potential.\nA:H - Even without controlled reclaim, dereferencing and locking the freed structures (`mutex_lock(\u0026rt-\u003estream_mutex)`, `spin_lock_irqsave(\u0026rt-\u003eout_lock)`) on poisoned or reused slab memory reliably produces an oops, lock corruption, or kernel panic, taking the system down."
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    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:44:48.839Z",
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